St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv yog ib lub cim kab lis kev cai tshwj xeeb uas muaj ntau lub npe. Nws yog hu ua Hagia Sophia, Sofia Tsev khaws puav pheej lossis National Reserve. Tab sis tsis muaj teeb meem li cas nws lub npe suab, qhov chaw no tseem yog ib tug tshwj xeeb architectural monument ntawm Ancient Russia thiab Byzantium.
Lub tsev khaws puav pheej muaj npe nrov rau nws cov frescoes thiab mosaics. Lub frescoes ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv adorn 3000 sq.m. Ib qho zoo nkauj mosaic yog sib sau ua ke ntawm 260 square meters. Sophia ntawm Kyiv rau lub xeev qub Lavxias tsis yog lub tsev teev ntuj nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub tsev pej xeem.
History of Creation
Tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi paub txog lub sijhawm tsim lub monument. Txawm li cas los xij, Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo hais txog 1037 raws li lub xyoo ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm Hagia Sophia. Yaroslav tus txawj ntse kav lub sijhawm no. Qee qhov chaw hais tias lub hauv paus ntawm lub tuam tsev tau muab tso rau hauv 1017 thaum lub sij hawm kav ntawm Vladimir I Svyatoslavovich. Feem ntau cov kws tshawb fawb tseem xav ntseeg tias nws yog xyoo 1037 uas tau pib tsim lub monument. Kuj ceeb tias, cov frescoes ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv tau khaws lawv cov nqi qub rau peb.lub sij hawm.
Keeb Kwm hais tias xyoo 1036 yog txuam nrog Yaroslav the Wise hauv Novgorod Volynsky. Lub sijhawm no, cov xov xwm tau mus txog nws tias Pechenegs tab tom npaj kev tawm tsam rau Kyiv. Yaroslav tau sau cov phooj ywg los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Novgorod. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua uas vaj ntxwv yeej thiab yuam cov Pechenegs khiav. Los ntawm lub npe ntawm qhov kev yeej no, ib lub tuam tsev tau tsim nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw sib ntaus sib tua.
Los ntawm Greek lus Sophia yog txhais ua "wise". Yog li ntawd, Hagia Sophia tau suav hais tias yog lub cim ntawm cov ntseeg kev txawj ntse thiab cim kev yeej ntawm cov neeg Orthodox tshaj li kev ntseeg. Sophia ntawm Kyiv raws li ib tug monument ntawm sab ntsuj plig kab lis kev cai thiab niaj hnub no yog tshwj xeeb muaj nqis.
Kev tsim kho ntawm Cathedral
Cov kws tshaj lij hais tias muaj li ntawm 40 tus kws tsim khoom siv nrog ntau tus pab cuam tau koom nrog kev tsim kho ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv. Lub monument tau tsim tau txog li 3 xyoos, thiab nws siv ob peb xyoos ntxiv los ua kom tiav kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv. Kev tsim kho lub tuam tsev tau ua los ntawm cov tswv los ntawm Constantinople, uas tau caw tshwj xeeb los ntawm Yaroslav the Wise. Thaum pib, lub tsev teev ntuj yog lub duab plaub thiab ib puag ncig los ntawm kaum ob tus ncej ntoo khaub lig. Nws tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kaum peb lub domes (hnub no twb muaj 19), uas yog lub cim rau 12 tug thwj tim thiab Yexus Khetos. Lub dome tseem ceeb tau txhim tsa nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tuam tsev, plaub nyob saum lub thaj, qhov seem yog nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub tsev.
Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, lub tsev teev ntuj tsuas muaj ob kab ntawm qhov chaw nyob hauv daim ntawv qhib lub sam thiaj nyob ib puag ncig lub tsev ntawm peb sab. Hauv pem teb thib ob tau nyob los ntawm qhov hu ua chav rau cov tsev neeg huab tais thiab cov neeg nyob hauv nroog loj.
Kev tsim khoLub tsev teev ntuj siv granite blocks thiab limestone mortar nrog ntxiv ntawm crushed cib. Lub facades ntawm lub tsev tsis tau plastered. Lub ru tsev yog ua los ntawm cov hlau lead, uas npog lub domes thiab vaults. Cov phab ntsa, ncej thiab vaults ntawm St. Sophia Cathedral tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov phab ntsa zoo nkauj uas npog 5,000 square meters. Niaj hnub no, tsuas yog 2,000 square metres ntawm frescoes tau muaj sia nyob hauv lawv daim ntawv qub.
Chronology ntawm txheej xwm
Lub sijhawm nws keeb kwm, St. Sophia Cathedral tau dhau mus ntau qhov kev sim siab. Nws tau rov ua kom puas thiab rov tsim dua tshiab, yuav luag tag nrho rov tsim dua. Xyoo 1240, lub tuam tsev tau hloov pauv loj thawj zaug, nws yog thaum ntawd cov Mongol-Tatars tawm tsam Kyiv. Sophia ntawm Kyiv (cov duab ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm) tau nyiag thiab yuav luag tag nrho. Kev zoo nkauj thiab kev kub ntxhov ntawm cov xim tawm mus ib ntus.
Kev kho kom tiav ntawm lub monument rau St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Metropolitan Peter Mogila, uas nrhiav tau ib lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub tuam tsev. Lub tsev teev ntuj tau zoo ib yam, tab sis lub tsev nws tus kheej xav tau kev tsim kho tam sim ntawd. Xyoo 1633-1647 lub tuam tsev raug txum tim rov qab los ib nrab. Lawv tau kho, hloov lub ru tsev, cov plag tsev thiab teeb tsa lub luxuriously decorated iconostasis nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv. Daim duab thaij sab hauv tuaj yeem qhia me me ntawm txhua qhov kev zoo nkauj.
1697 yog lub xyoo tuag rau lub tsev teev ntuj. Qhov hluav taws kub hnyiab yuav luag txhua lub tsev ntoo ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau txiav txim siab los kho dua. Thaum ntawd, muaj peb-tiered St. Sophia tswb pej thuam. Xyoo 1852, qib plaub tau ua tiav. Lub tsev teev ntuj nws tus kheej kuj tau tsim kho dua tshiab, thiab nws tau txais cov yam ntxwv ntawm Ukrainian baroque yam ntxwv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Nyob rau xyoo 1722-1730, lub tsev kho mob thiab lub tsev noj mov tau ua rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, uas tom qab ntawd tau ua lub tsev tswj hwm diocesan.
Nyob rau xyoo 1934, los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet, cov tuam tsev tau tshaj tawm tias Lub Xeev Reserve of History thiab Architecture.
Lub sijhawm Soviet tau ua lub neej tshiab rau hauv kev txhim kho lub tsev teev ntuj. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas kev txum tim rov qab los tau ua haujlwm zoo, vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub tuam tsev thiab lwm lub tsev ntawm lub complex tau rov qab los.
Nyob rau xyoo 1990 Sophia ntawm Kyiv tau suav nrog hauv UNESCO Daim Ntawv Teev Npe ntawm Ntiaj Teb Kev Ua Haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, lub tsev teev ntuj tau muab tsub lub charter uas muab txoj cai rau kev tswj hwm tus kheej.
Ib tug cim monument ntawm architecture - St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv. Cov lus piav qhia thiab keeb kwm ntawm nws cov creation excites lub tswv yim ntawm cov neeg nyob deb ntawm kev ntseeg.
7 qhov tseeb txog St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv
- Lub tswb pej thuam ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau tsa los ntawm Hetman Ivan Mazepa. Txog rau tam sim no, muaj lub tswb loj "Mazepa", uas nyob rau hauv 1705 tau nchuav los ntawm tus tswv Afanasy Petrovich los ntawm kev txiav txim thiab tus nqi ntawm Ivan Mazepa. Lub tswb yog ib tug tiag tiag architectural masterpiece. Nws yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ib lub ornament thiab lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm hetman.
- Lub cellars ntawm St. Sophia Cathedral khaws cia ib lub tsev qiv ntawv loj ntawm Yaroslav the Wise, uas tau ploj mus qhov chaw tsis zoo. Qhov tsuas yog hais txog nws yog nyob rau hauv "Tales of Bygone Years" los ntawm Nestor the Chronicler. Tej zaum tam sim no nws tau muab zais rau hauv Kiev-Pechersklaurel.
- Sofia Kyiv khaws ib qho ntawm Oranta mosaics uas tsis tshua muaj. Nws depicts Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv nrog outstretched caj npab, nyeem ib tug thov Vajtswv. Yog tsis muaj menyuam, nws yuav luag tsis tau piav qhia. Daim duab zoo nkauj no yog hu ua "Indestructible Wall".
- Lub frescoes ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv feem ntau yog kev ntseeg. Qhov tseeb, lawv piav txog kev thov Vajtswv rau kev hlub tshua rau tib neeg. Ib ntawm phab ntsa muaj cov ntawv sau ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Bryachislav nrog kev thov kom muaj kev hlub tshua rau nws, tus neeg txhaum thiab kev phem.
- Nyob rau xyoo 2008, St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv tau txais nws cov nyiaj qhib qhib rooj vag nrog cov duab ntawm cov neeg ntseeg. Nyob rau xyoo 1930, lawv raug xa mus los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm Soviet. Nws siv li 100 kg nyiaj los kho lawv.
- Lub thaj neeb tsis yog tsuas yog thov Vajtswv xwb, ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntawv sau secular.
- Thaum lub tuam tsev tsim lub tuam tsev hauv Kyiv, muaj ib qho se cais, raws li txhua tus neeg tuaj xyuas lub nroog yuav tsum nqa ob peb lub pob zeb nrog lawv.
Cov murals ntawm lub monument rau Sophia ntawm Kyiv yog tus nqi tshwj xeeb. Mosaics thiab frescoes yog lub ntsiab kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj.
Mosaic painting ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv
hom tha xim no yog lub ntsiab ntawm kev tsim sab hauv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Lub hauv paus dome thiab apse yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov yeeb yuj mosaic ntsiab. Ntawm lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, koj tuaj yeem pom tsis muaj duab frescoes tsawg dua. Ntau cov duab kos duab thaum ub tau khaws cia hauv ntiaj teb, tab sis nws yog cov frescoes thiab mosaics ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv uas suav tias yog cov piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm cov duab kos duab. Lawv tau raug khaws cia rau hauv lawv daim ntawv qub thiab tsis tauundergone renovation thiab ntxiv. Lawv tsuas yog ntxuav cov plua plav, uas ua rau lawv qhov qub qub thiab zoo nkauj.
Cov xim ntawm Sofia mosaics zoo nkauj heev uas qee zaum zoo li lub qhov muag tsis tau pom muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm ntau xim, ntxoov thiab duab.
Cov kws tshaj lij suav nrog ntawm no 35 ntxoov xim av, 34 halftones ntsuab, 23 ntxoov daj, 21 ntxoov xiav thiab 19 ntxoov liab. Lub palette ntawm Sofia mosaics muaj 150 ntxoov, uas qhia tias Kievan Rus yog unsurpassed nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov sm alt.
Cov keeb kwm kub muab rau Sofia mosaics tshwj xeeb sophistication thiab khoom kim heev. Nws yog nrog nws tias tag nrho lwm cov ntxoov ntxoo sib haum xeeb.
Mosaic "Christ - Pantocrator"
Lub hauv paus ntawm lub hauv paus dome yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub medallion loj, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm uas yog cov duab ntawm "Christ - Pantokrator". Lub mosaic yog ua raws li tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm kev xaav los ntawm qhov ntev. Thaum xub thawj, muaj plaub daim duab ntawm archangels nyob rau hauv lub dome. Hmoov tsis zoo, ntawm cov no, tsuas yog ib daim duab mosaic tau khaws cia ib nrab, uas hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 11th. Cov seem tau ua tiav nrog cov xim pleev xim rau xyoo pua 19th.
Nyob rau ntawm lub hauv paus domed nruas kuj muaj ib tug mosaic daim duab ntawm tus Thwj Tim Povlauj thiab Yexus Khetos, sawv cev rau tus duab ntawm tus pov thawj. Daim duab ntawm Peb Poj Niam yog ib nrab poob.
Lub nkoj ntawm lub nruas domed yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab ntawm Mark tus tshaj tawm txoj moo zoo. Ameslikas muaj 30 zoo nkauj mosaics ntawm lub arches, ntawm uas tsuas yog 15 tau dim.
Mosaic"Maria Oranta"
Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub thaj tseem ceeb yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub mosaic loj ntawm Peb Tus Poj Niam (Oranta) hauv lub xeev thov Vajtswv. Cov duab no sawv tawm ntawm tag nrho cov tha xim sab hauv. Nws qhov siab yog li 6 meters. Leej niam ntawm Vajtswv sawv ntawm lub platform dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov pob zeb zoo nkauj nrog nws txhais tes tuav siab. Nws hnav ib lub tunic xiav thiab npog nrog ib tug ntev poj niam daim ntaub thaiv nrog golden folds. Hnav khau liab.
Daim duab no yog qhov txawv ntawm nws cov monumentality thiab tshwj xeeb grandeur. Cov xim muaj kua tam sim ntawd ntes lub qhov muag. Nyob rau hauv cov duab no yog ib tug mosaic "Eucharist", symbolizing lub scene ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov thwj tim. Nyob ze ntawm lub zwm txwv yog archangels nrog kiv cua. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob ib sab ntawm nws yog ib daim duab ntawm Yexus Khetos. Nws faib rau cov thwj tim, solemnly mus cuag nws los ntawm txawv sab, lub cim nco txog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm mov ci thiab cawu cub. Cov tubtxib hnav khaub ncaws hnav, Yexus hnav ib lub tsho xiav thiab lub tsho liab doog, muab kub kub. Lub zwm txwv crimson muab cov xim tshwj xeeb saturation rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov theem qis ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab ntawm cov ntseeg thiab cov archdeacons.
Sophia of Kyiv: frescoes
Frescoes kho txhua sab ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, lawv tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov pej thuam, hu nkauj thiab cov chav. Cov duab qub tau hloov kho ib nrab thaum kho dua tshiab hauv xyoo pua 17th. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, cov frescoes puas ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv tau rov qab ua tiav. Ib feem, cov duab tshiab tau siv nrog cov xim roj. Roj pleev xim rau lub sijhawm ntawd tsis yog tus nqi kos duab, tab sis nws cov ntsiab lus tau rov ua tiav cov duab ntawm cov frescoes thaum ub.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 19th, kev kho kom zoo dua qub tau ua tiav, vim tias tag nrho cov txheej txheem los ntawm cov frescoes thaum ub raug tshem tawm. Hauv qee qhov chaw, qee cov duab yuav tsum tau siv los khaws cov khoom qub.
Lub fresco system ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv suav nrog cov duab ntawm ntau yam ornaments, scenes, tag nrho-ntev thiab ib nrab ntawm cov neeg ntseeg.
Fresco "Tsev Neeg ntawm Yaroslav the Wise"
Daim duab no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nthuav ntawm lub monument rau Sophia ntawm Kyiv. Frescoes nyob rau sab qaum teb, sab hnub poob thiab sab qab teb ntawm lub ntsiab nave. Kuj ceeb tias, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev sib xyaw no tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no; koj tuaj yeem paub txog nws los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Dutch tus kws kos duab Abraham Van Westerfeld, uas tau mus xyuas Kyiv xyoo 1651.
Ntawm lub mosaic, Yaroslav the Wise tab tom tuav tus qauv ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv, ib sab ntawm nws yog nws tus poj niam, Ntxhais fuabtais Irina. Lawv tab tom mus rau Yexus Khetos, uas tau piav qhia ua ke nrog Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir thiab Olga, tus tsim ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv hauv Ancient Russia. Hauv qab ob niam txiv tseem ceeb yog lawv cov me nyuam, kuj mus rau Tswv Yexus. Qhov kev sib xyaw loj no tsuas yog khaws cia ib nrab xwb. Niaj hnub no tsuas pom ob daim duab ntawm sab qaum teb thiab plaub ntawm phab ntsa sab qab teb.
Sarcophagus ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Yaroslav
Lub qhov ntxa ntawm tus tub huabtais nyob sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv. Nws muaj cov chaw faus neeg ntawm tag nrho tsev neeg princely. Niaj hnub no koj tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog cov sarcophagus ntawm Yaroslav tus Txawj Ntse, uas nyob ib feem ntawm chav thaj chaw ntawm sab qaum teb gallery. Qhov no yog ib lub thawv ntawv nrog lub protrudingnpog ntawm sab. Txhua yam yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab ntawm cov nroj tsuag, noog, ntoo khaub lig thiab lwm yam cim ntawm ancient Christianity. Lub qhov ntxa hnyav txog 6 tons. Lub pob zeb sarcophagus tau coj los ntawm Byzantium.
Xyoo 1939, lub qhov ntxa tau qhib, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb pom muaj cov pob txha ntawm tus txiv neej thiab poj niam, cov pob txha sib xyaw. Qhov no, nrog rau qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov khaub ncaws hauv lub cev, yog cov pov thawj ncaj qha ntawm kev nyiag.
Nws tau ua pov thawj tias tus txiv neej lub cev pob txha yog Yaroslav tus Txawj Ntse, thiab tus poj niam lub cev pob txha yog nws tus poj niam Irina. Lub pob txha taub hau ntawm Yaroslav the Wise tau ua tus qauv rau kev tsim cov duab puab ntawm tus tub huabtais, uas tam sim no nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 2009, sarcophagus tau rov qhib rau kev tshawb fawb. Tom qab ntawd, cov lus xaiv tau tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj kev lees paub tias cov pob txha seem ntawm Yaroslav the Wise.
Txhua tus neeg nyob hauv thiab cov qhua ntawm lub nroog Kyiv tuaj yeem pom qhov zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj ntawm lub monument rau St. Sophia ntawm Kyiv. Yuav ua li cas mus rau lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb ntawm Kievan Rus? Lub thaj neeb yog nyob ntawm: Vladimirskaya, 24.
Ntawm no kuj yog lub npe nrov Sofiyskaya Square, qhov twg txhua yam kev tshwm sim tsis yog tsuas yog kev cai dab qhuas xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev nom kev tswv tau tuav tau ntev. Cov rooj sib tham tau tuav ntawm no thiab cov rooj sib tham tau tsim. Hnub no lub square yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub monument ntawm Bohdan Khmelnytsky.
