Urbino, Ltalis: piav qhia nrog cov duab, kev nyiam, tsev so thiab tsev noj mov, tshuaj xyuas

2024 Tus sau: Harold Hamphrey | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:14

Lub nroog Urbino (Ltalis) yog ib qho chaw ntawm Italian Renaissance. Nws yog qhov chaw yug ntawm ntau tus neeg pleev kob nto moo thiab sculptors. Lub nroog yog nrov heev ntawm cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi vim muaj qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj thiab tsim kho cov chaw ncig xyuas zoo. Cov khoom lag luam nto moo thiab keeb kwm raug xa tawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb, piv txwv li, hauv daim duab ntawm F. Brondini nrog lub tsev fuabtais Urbino ntawm cov ntawv xa nyiaj ntawm Ltalis.

keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog

Yog tias koj saib daim ntawv qhia ntawm Ltalis, Urbino nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws. Lub nroog muaj keeb kwm ntev. Poggio, lub roob uas Urbino nyob, tau nyob hauv lub sijhawm prehistoric. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Ancient Rome, Urbino yog ib tug fortified lub nroog, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub tswv yim tseem ceeb, nws yog surrounded los ntawm cov phab ntsa. Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 538, Byzantine tus thawj coj Belisario tau ntes lub nroog. Raws li txoj cai ntawm Byzantines, Urbino, ua ke nrog Fossombrone, Iesi, Kalgli thiab Gubbio, tau suav nrog Pentapolis (Pentapolis) ntawm Andonaria. AT568 pom thawj qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Lombards, uas txuas ntxiv mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua.

Xyoo 733, Carlo Magno (Vajntxwv ntawm Franks Charlemagne) tuaj rau Ltalis tom qab swb ntawm Lombard Kingdom thiab muab Urbino rau lub Koom Txoos. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, lub nroog yog ib tug npis sov tseem ceeb, txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tsim ntawm lub diocese hnub rov qab mus rau 313. Hais txog ntawm ib puas xyoo tom ntej no, keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog thiab cov tsev teev ntuj hauv zos yog paub nyob rau hauv fragments.

Nrog Federico Maria, tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm Guidobaldo, lub hwj chim feudal ntawm tsev neeg della Rovera pib, uas kav mus txog rau 1631, thaum, nrog kev tuag ntawm Francesco Maria II, lub duchy tau pauv mus rau lub Koom Txoos. Nrog rau qhov kawg ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm della Rovere, suav tsis txheeb tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab tau pauv mus rau Florence thiab Rome, ntawm lwm yam, lub tsev qiv ntawv nto moo ntawm Federico kuj pauv.

Nyob rau hauv 1155 ib tug ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Montefeltro, ib tsev neeg ntawm Germanic keeb kwm, raug xaiv imperial vicar hauv Urbino. Xyoo 1234, tsev neeg Buonconte tau tuav.

Lub hnub qub ntawm lub nroog pib nyob rau hauv Erle Antonio, tom qab ntawd nws tus tub, Guidantonio, nce qib ntawm kev vam meej hauv nroog. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm nws tus tub 17-xyoo-laus los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, Federico tau los ua lub taub hau ntawm lub nroog (nruab nrab xyoo pua 15th), los ntawm lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Urbino pib, pov thawj ntawm qhov zoo kawg nkaus, zoo meej thiab zoo kawg nkaus. ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tseem nyob hauv lub tsev ducal.

Federico tau ua tiav los ntawm nws tus tub Guidobaldo, nws tuag xyoo 1508 thaum muaj hnub nyoog 36 xyoo, tsis tso tseg. Nws txoj kev koom tes rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub nroog yog ob lub tsev tseem ceeb: nyob rau hauv 1506 nws tau tsim lub Council of Physicians, uas tom qab ntawd los ua.lub hauv paus ntawm University of Montefeltro, thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd tau tsim lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Musical ntawm Blessed Sacrament (Della Cappella Musicale Del Santissimo Sacramento).

Urbino (Ltalis) raug suav hais tias yog qhov chaw ntawm lej thiab kos duab ntawm Renaissance, nws yog qhov chaw yug ntawm tus kheej zoo thiab txawj ntse. Ntawm lawv yog:

• Raphael Santi (1483 - 1551), yog ib tus kws tshaj lij tshaj lij;
• Donato Bramante (1444 - 1514), architectural genius;
• Girolamo Genga (1476 - 1551), neeg pleev kob, sculptor thiab architect;
• Federico Barocci (1534 - 1612), tus neeg pleev kob;
• Federico Brandani (1525 - 1575), sculptor;
• Timoteo Viti (1469 - 1523), neeg pleev kob;
• Nicola da Urbino (1480 - 1540/1547), neeg pleev kob;
• Comandino Federico (1506 - 1575), humanist, kws kho mob thiab lej.

Historic Center

Qhov no ntawm lub nroog Urbino hauv tebchaws Ltalis, UNESCO World Heritage Site, npog thaj tsam ntawm tsuas yog ib square kilometers. Qhov chaw yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm lub bastion thiab yog ua tiav ntawm ci cib. Nws muaj cov pob zeb diamond elongated thiab muab faib ua feem ntawm txoj kev loj thiab yuav luag perpendicular (Via Mazzini thiab Via Cesare Battisti ntawm ib sab, Via Raffaello thiab Via Veneto ntawm lwm qhov), uas sib ntsib hauv lub ntsiab square (Piazza della Repubblica). Los ntawm ntau cov duab ntawm Urbino (Ltalis), koj tuaj yeem txaus siab rau qhov zoo nkauj ntawm qhov chaw keeb kwm.

Raphael Tsev Tsev khaws puav pheej

Lub tsev, ua rau xyoo kaum tsib, tau yuav hauv 1460 los ntawm Raphael txiv, Giovanni Santi (1435 - 1494), ib tug neeg, kws sau paj lug thiab kws kos duab ua haujlwm.ntawm lub tsev hais plaub Federico da Montefeltro. Giovanni tau teeb tsa nws tus kheej lub rooj cob qhia, qhov twg Rafael tau paub txog txhua yam kev paub txog kev kos duab.

Tau txais hauv 1635 los ntawm tus kws kos duab Urbino Muzio Oddi hauv xyoo 1873, lub tsev dhau mus rau Raffaele Academy, nrhiav tau hauv 1869 los ntawm Pompeo Gherardi. Lub Academy tau koom nrog ntau yam kev tshawb fawb ntsig txog tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg pleev kob zoo. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm qhov pom ntawm Urbino hauv Ltalis.

Nyob rau hauv pem teb muaj ib chav loj nrog lub qab nthab uas muaj lub Annunciation, ib daim duab los ntawm Giovanni Santi, nrog rau cov ntawv luam ntawm ob lub xyoo pua puas xyoo los ntawm Raphael: lub Madonna della Segiola thiab lub zeem muag ntawm Ezekiel.

Hauv chav me me uas nyob ib sab, suav tias yog qhov chaw yug ntawm tus neeg pleev kob, muaj fresco "Madonna thiab Me Nyuam" los ntawm Giovanni Santi, uas tam sim no thuam rau cov tub ntxhais hluas Raphael. Qhov kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb yog ib qho duab kos rau Bramante (1444 - 1514) thiab ib phau ntawm Renaissance pottery.

Cov ntawv sau, cov ntawv tsis tshua muaj, npib, cov duab kos tau khaws cia rau hauv pem teb thib ob: cov qauv piv txwv ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo.

Church of San Bernardino

Nws tau tsim tom qab kev tuag ntawm Federico da Montefeltro, kwv yees li ntawm 1482 txog 1491, ua qhov chaw faus rau nws tus kheej thiab nws cov xeeb ntxwv (Mausoleum of the Duchy). Kev tsim thiab kev siv tom ntej ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog ntaus nqi rau tus kws kos duab ducal Francesco di Giorgio Martini (uas tsim nws nrog kev pab ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cog lus Donato Bramante). Lub tsev yog nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm Urbino Renaissance.

Blub nave muaj cenotaphs (tombstones nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw uas tsis muaj seem; cov cim graves) ntawm Dukes Federico thiab Guidobaldo ntawm Montefeltro, tig mus rau ib leeg: ob baroque monuments tau tsa tom qab lawv tuag (1620). Lub pob zeb marble busts ntawm ob lub dukes yog ntaus nqi rau Girolamo Campagna.

Txoj cai niche yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog frescoes los ntawm 1642. Cov pab pawg hu nkauj muaj cov duab kos rau xyoo pua cuaj nrog Madonna thiab Me Nyuam, Saint Bernardine (Bernardino), Saint Jacob (Giacomo) thiab ob tug tim tswv.

kab laug sab (Rampa Elicoidale)

Txoj kev taug kev no tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1400 los ntawm Duke Federico di Montefeltro kom nws thiaj li caij nees mus rau nws lub Palace. Rov qab los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Giancarlo De Carlo, tam sim no siv tau los ntawm txhua tus neeg uas xav tawm hauv thaj av qis ntawm Piazza Mertatale thiab pom lawv tus kheej nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Urbino, nyob qhov twg Raffaele Theatre nyob.

Albornoz Fortress

La Fortezza lossis Rocca Albornóz yog lub tsev muaj zog ua rau ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm Monte di Sergio hauv Urbino. Nws tshuav nws lub npe rau Cardinal Albornoz, uas ib txwm suav nrog nws txoj kev tsim kho, txawm hais tias qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias nws tau tsim los ntawm nws tus neeg ua tiav, Spanish Cardinal Grimbord. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm qhov pom tseem ceeb ntawm Urbino hauv Ltalis.

Lub fortress tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub kaum plaub caug xyoo los tiv thaiv lub nroog, txij li thaum uas twb muaj lawm ib tug twb tsis xav tias haum rau lub nroog.

Ntau pua xyoo, nws tau raug rhuav tshem thiab rov tsim kho dua; thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, thaum cov phab ntsa tau tsimDella Rovere, lub fortress twb txuas nrog lub nroog phab ntsa, thiab nyob rau hauv 1673 lub fortress twb pauv mus rau lub Carmelites los ntawm ib tug nyob ze monastery, uas tam sim no tsev nyob rau Academy ntawm Fine Arts.

Nyob rau xyoo 1799, thaum lub sijhawm Napoleonic lub sijhawm, lub fortress tau rov ua dua rau kev ua tub rog, thiab xyoo tom ntej nws tau los ua cov cuab yeej ntawm Carmelites.

Lub fortress yog ua los ntawm cib tag nrho thiab muaj ib lub voj voog nrog ob lub voj voog ib nrab thiab cov bastions.

Hnub no, Albornoz Fortress yog ib feem ntawm Bella Gerit Tsev khaws puav pheej, qhov chaw qub txeeg qub teg thiab chaw cia khoom siv tub rog siv ntawm 1300 txog 1500.

Vim nws txoj haujlwm siab, lub fortress muaj panoramic views ntawm lub nroog Urbino thiab ib puag ncig.

San Giovanni Oratorio

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub nroog Urbino ua tsaug rau kev pleev xim ntawm nws cov phab ntsa los ntawm Salimbeni cov kwv tij nyob rau xyoo pua 15th. Nws yog ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Gothic hauv thaj av Marche.

Lub oratorio hnub rov qab mus rau 1365 thiab yog thawj zaug nyob hauv tsev kho mob rau cov neeg mus ncig ua si, cov neeg mob thiab cov neeg ua txhaum, xws li Blessed Pietro Spagnoli, uas nws seem tau muab faus rau hauv lub thaj siab.

Lub tsev teev ntuj khaws nws cov qauv qub nrog lub qab nthab ntoo, lub façade tau rov qab los rau xyoo 1900 los ntawm tus tsim qauv Diomede Catalucci. Cov frescoes ntawm cov phab ntsa xav tsis thoob nrog lawv cov txheej txheem tha xim, kho kom zoo nkauj hauv kev siv cov xim thiab xim kom nthuav dav. Lub voj voog fresco yog qhov ua tiav tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm lub kaum xyaib puas xyoo: raws phab ntsa sab xis muaj cov xwm txheej uas qhia txog lub neej ntawm St. John the Baptist; lub phab ntsa apsidal yog ib tug crucifixion scene uas hnub tim 1416; sab laug - "Madonna ntawm Humility". Lwm cov frescoes muaj rau cov neeg sau ntawv sib txawv. Ntawm lawv, tej zaum Antonio Alberti da Ferrara (1390 / 1400-1449)

National Gallery Marche

Qhov chaw Urbino no nyob hauv Palazzo Ducale, lub tsev nyob rau xyoo pua kaum tsib uas yog thawj tswj hwm los ntawm Duke Federico da Montefeltro. "Ib lub tsev nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm ib lub nroog", raws li Baldassar Castiglione hu ua nws, uas qhia txog cov tub rog thiab tib lub sij hawm enlightened thiab cultured cwm pwm ntawm nws tus tswv.

Cov kws tsim kho ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim kho yog Luciano Lorana (1420 - 1479), tus sau lub tshav puam zoo nkauj thiab lub ntsej muag ntawm ob lub turrets nyias, thiab Francesco di Giorgio Martini (1439 - 1502), uas tsim lub ntsiab, yog li- hu ua "ob-qhov rooj" facade.

Hauv xyoo 1861, lub hauv paus ntawm kev kos duab kos duab tau tsim, uas yog suav tias yog ib qho khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Ltalis. Lub ntsiab sau ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1912 raws li kev coj ntawm Lionello Venturi nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sau thiab khaws cia cov khoom kos duab los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb. Ntawm no yog khaws cia cov masterpieces xws li "Lub Desecration ntawm Cov Qhua" los ntawm Paolo Uccello (1397 - 1475), "The Last Supper" thiab "Resurrection" los ntawm Titian (1487/88 - 1576), "Assumption of the Virgin" los ntawm Federico Barocchi (1535 – 1612); "Virgin thiab Me Nyuam thiab St. Fabkis Roman" Orazio Gentileschi (1563 - 1638 los yog 46). Lub Volponi sau tau tsis ntev los no tau txais, pub dawb los ntawmlos ntawm tus kws sau ntawv los ntawm Urbino, uas suav nrog cov duab kos los ntawm Bolognese lub sijhawm ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum plaub thiab cov duab kos los ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej yog sau los ntawm drawings thiab engravings, ceramics thiab majolica ntawm lub kaum tsib thiab kaum rau centuries, thiab ib tug mysterious duab ntawm lub zoo tagnrho nroog (1480). Ntawm ntau cov duab ntawm Urbino koj tuaj yeem pom ntau hom duab.

Oratorio San Giuseppe

Lub tsev yog lub tsev rau cov kwv tij ntawm tib lub npe, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo pua 16th los ntawm tus pov thawj Franciscan Gerolamo Recalci da Verona. Nyob ze rau cov kwv tij no yog tsev neeg muaj koob meej ntawm Albans, tshwj xeeb yog Pope Clement XI thiab Cardinal Annibal Albani, uas tau pab txhawb kev hloov pauv ntawm Urbino mus rau hauv ib lub nroog nplua nuj tshaj plaws.

Lub tsev teev ntuj nws tus kheej yog ib lub rooj plaub; nws tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog frescoes rau ntawm phab ntsa, nyob rau hauv lub crypt thiab nyob rau hauv lub apse, pleev xim los ntawm lub nroog neeg pleev kob Carlo Roncalli, tus sau ntawm plaub loj canvases nyob rau sab phab ntsa depicting lub ntsiab lub sij hawm ntawm lub neej ntawm St. Saum toj no lub thaj yog ib tug loj marble thaj neeb pub los ntawm Pope Clement XI nyob rau hauv 1732, nrog ob kab nyob rau hauv liab porphyry tawm los ntawm lub Pantheon, thiab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab yog dawb marble pej thuam ntawm Saint Joseph los ntawm Giuseppe Lironi ntawm Como los ntawm lub Basilica ntawm San Giovanni. hauv Laterano. Sab hauv yog ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb los ntawm lub nroog sculptor Federico Brandani piav txog Yexus Khetos yug los, tsim thaum xyoo 1545 thiab 1550.

Cathedral ntawm Santa Maria Assunta

Lub tsev teev ntuj no tau tsim tsa hauv Urbino (Ltalis) los ntawm Npis Sov Maynard hauv xyoo 1063 thiab tau mob siab rau qhov kev xavVirgin Mary. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua kaum tsib, lub tsev tau rebuilt raws li lub siab nyiam ntawm Federico da Montefeltro. Qhov project yog tej zaum tsim los ntawm Francesco di Giorgio Martini. Tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 8th ua lub tsev teev ntuj tau txais nws qhov kawg neoclassical tsos, tsim los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Giuseppe Valadier. Lub tswb pej thuam kuj tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Tom qab lub façade muaj xya tus mlom ntawm cov neeg ntseeg, uas peb tuaj yeem pom Saint San Crescentino, tus neeg dawb huv ntawm lub nroog.

Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Diocesan, mob siab rau tsev neeg Albani, tau tsim nyob rau sab ntawm kev ua koob tsheej thaum ub nyob rau hauv kev lees paub ntawm ntau qhov kev koom tes rau lub tsev teev ntuj. Nws muaj ntau yam khoom siv liturgical, suav nrog cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm Duomo thiab cov rooj tog pub dawb los ntawm Pope Clement XI. Muaj sculptures los ntawm Giovanni Bandini nyob rau hauv lub crypt ntawm lub cathedral.

Monument to Raphael

Txoj haujlwm yog tsim los ntawm Turin sculptor Luigi Belli (1896-1897). Tus pej thuam tooj liab ntawm tus kws kos duab, nrog lub palette thiab txhuam hauv nws txhais tes, sawv ntawm lub hauv paus siab, qhov twg cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm Genius thiab Renaissance nyob hauv qab no. Kuj tseem muaj ob lub bas-reliefs qhia txog tus kws kos duab. Ntawm cov bronze medallions yog portraits ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam - nws cov neeg kawm: Bramante, Viti, Perugino, Giovanni da Udine, Perin del Vage, Giulio Romano, Marcantonio Raimondi.

Egyptian obelisk

Raws li daim ntawv theej ntawm lub monument nyob rau hauv Piazza Minerva hauv Rome, Egyptian obelisk ntawm Urbino (Ltalis) yog ib qho ntawm kaum ob tus qauv qub muab tso rau thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Nwsnyob hauv plawv nroog, ntawm Piazza Rinascimento, nruab nrab ntawm Palazzo Ducale thiab lub tsev teev ntuj zoo nkauj ntawm San Domenico.

Lub obelisk, uas nws keeb kwm hnub rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua 6 BC, yav tas los nyob ze ntawm lub nroog Sais. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib puas xyoo AD, nws tau pom nyob rau hauv Campo Marzio hauv Rome, nyob rau hauv lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Isis. Thaum nyob rau hauv 391 Emperor Theodosius tshem tawm cov kev ntseeg pagan, obelisk ploj mus. Qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb me me ntawm Iyiv tsuas yog rov tshwm sim hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, thaum tib neeg xav txog kev vam meej thaum ub dua.

Lub obelisk tau tshwm sim hauv Urbino ua tsaug rau Cardinal Albani, uas tau pub dawb rau lub nroog. Lub monument muaj tsib blocks muab tso rau ntawm lub pob zeb pedestal, nyob rau ntawm ntug uas muaj lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Albani tsev neeg. Tus ntoo khaub lig me uas nyob saum tus qauv muaj ib feem ntawm tus Ntoo Khaublig tiag tiag ntawm Khetos. Muaj tseeb los tsis yog, qhov no tseem yog qhov kev xav thiab qhov laj thawj rau kev xav.

Tourist information

Urbino muaj kev pab hauv tsev so yooj yim.

Nyob hauv ib lub tsev tshiab tshiab nyob hauv toj siab, B&B La Poiana yog lub oasis ntawm kev thaj yeeb thiab kev thaj yeeb.

La Casetta del Borgo yog lub tsev zoo nkauj hauv ib lub zos me me taug kev luv luv ntawm Urbino. Cov tsev so muaj pluas tshais lossis chaw pw tsawg kawg 3 hmo.

Nestled nruab nrab ntawm lub roob ntsuab nyob ib ncig ntawm Urbino, Mamiani Hotel & Ki Spa tsuas yog 1.5 km ntawm lub nroog centre. Nws muaj 62 chav, tag nrho nrog cua txias, xov tooj cua, xov tooj, minibar,nyab xeeb, cable TV thiab dawb Wi-Fi. Muaj ob qhov chaw nres tsheb loj nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub tsev. Lub tsev so muaj nws tus kheej spa.

Girfalco Lub Tebchaws Lub Tsev yog lub tsev so me me nyob hauv ib lub tsev ua liaj ua teb qub nyob hauv toj siab ntsuab ntawm Montefeltro. Txhua chav yog xis nyob, txhua tus nyias muaj nyias qhov nkag thiab chav dej. Zoo tagnrho rau cov khub niam txiv ntawm txhua lub hnub nyoog uas xav tau hnub so kom deb ntawm lub nroog loj.

Thaum taug kev ncig lub nroog, koj yuav xav noj. Muaj ntau ntau lub tsev noj mov thiab tsev noj mov hauv nroog.

Tartufi Antiche Bonta pab Italian cuisine, delicacies xws li truffles, wine bar.

La Casa Dei Cuochi tshwj xeeb hauv Italian cuisine, pizza thiab BBQ.

Amici Miei Ristorante Pizzeria caw cov qhua tuaj sim pizza. Nrog rau Italian zaub mov, nqaij nruab deg, Mediterranean cuisine thiab cov neeg tsis noj nqaij xaiv.

Piadineria L'Aquilone thiab Antica osteria da la Stella tshwj xeeb hauv cov tais diav Italian, Mediterranean cuisine thiab zaub mov ceev. Kev xaiv neeg tsis noj nqaij kuj muaj nyob rau ntawm thawj qhov chaw.

Raws li cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi, Urbino yog qhov chaw zoo hauv ltalis uas yuav txaus siab rau cov kiv cua ntawm Renaissance. Lub nroog tau nruab rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi, yog li yuav tsis muaj teeb meem nrog kev pab thiab zaub mov.