Asmeskas architecture: keeb kwm, piav qhia, qauv thiab tiam sis

2024 Tus sau: Harold Hamphrey | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:14

Asmeskas architecture, nrog nws cov keeb kwm plaub-xyoo pua, nthuav tawm ntau yam qauv thiab cov qauv. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim kho niaj hnub no hauv Asmeskas tau zoo li los ntawm ntau qhov kev cuam tshuam sab hauv thiab sab nrauv, ua rau muaj kev nplua nuj tshiab thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Ua ntej niaj hnub architecture hauv Tebchaws Meskas mus txog nws cov engineering, thev naus laus zis thiab tsim tus kheej, nws tau ua ntej los ntawm lub sijhawm ntev ntawm cov haujlwm uas ua raws li cov qauv ntawm European architecture.

Kev nce qib hauv thev naus laus zis thiab khoom siv

Thaum cov neeg European nyob hauv North America, lawv tau coj lawv cov kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev tsim vaj tsev. Piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog Asmeskas cov tsev qub tshaj plaws. Kev tsim kho nyob ntawm cov peev txheej muaj. Ntoo thiab cib yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev ntau tshaj plaws hauv New England, Mid-Atlantic, thiab sab qab teb ntug dej hiav txwv. Qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, thaum lub tebchaws United States architecture tsis tau txais kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb, uas thaum xub thawj tau pom los ntawm cov pej xeem zoo li coj txawv txawv thiab dab tuag.

Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm technogenic xav tau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab architectural. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem ua ntej tsis tso cai rau kev tsim cov tsev siab heev. Tom qab kaum lossis kaum ob zaj dab neeg, cov qauv masonry nce mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov siab vim nws ntsib teeb meem compression thiab sab cua. Cov cuab yeej siv rau kev tsim cov tsev lag luam tuaj rau kev cawm, qhov twg hlau yog cov qauv kev txhawb nqa, thiab iav tuav feem ntau ntawm cov phab ntsa kom pom kev zoo dua. Qhov no yog li cas qhov kev tsim kho tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th tau tshwm sim, uas ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm skyscraper hauv Asmeskas architecture. Txoj kev no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov qauv ntawm ntau cov duab thiab qhov ntau thiab tsawg, qhov tseeb, ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm welded hlau. Tab sis ua ntej cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tau hloov pauv lub tsev zoo li qub thiab hloov mus ib txhis li tib neeg xav txog kev tsim vaj tsev, lub tsev hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau muaj txoj hauv kev nyuaj.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws tshiab

Nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, Spanish, Fabkis thiab Askiv colonial architecture hauv Asmeskas tau hloov los ntawm Georgian style, uas tau siv los tsim cov tsev ntawm cov tswv cog qoob loo thiab cov tub lag luam hauv nroog loj. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm Georgian style yog plastered cib los yog stonework thiab ib tug spire uas nyob rau ntawm qhov nkag. Cov kws tsim txuj ci Asmeskas ntawm lub sijhawm no tawv ncauj ua raws li cov canons ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Qub.

Cov qauv Georgian yog qhov siab ntawm zam hauv tebchaws Askiv thiab North America thaum, xyoo 1776, cov tswvcuab ntawm Continental Congress luam tawmTshaj tawm ntawm kev ywj pheej rau kaum peb Colonies. Tom qab ua tsov ua rog ntev thiab muaj teeb meem, Treaty of Paris xyoo 1783 tau tsim tsa lub tebchaws tshiab, Tebchaws Meskas. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias nws yog kev nom kev tswv nrog cov neeg Askiv thiab lub xeev, kev cuam tshuam ntawm Georgian style ntawm kev tsim tsev txuas ntxiv mus.

Tab sis cov tub ntxhais hluas koom pheej tau tsim, kev xav tau kev sib raug zoo thiab kev lag luam loj hlob nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nrog kev nthuav dav ntawm thaj chaw. Los ntawm lub xyoo ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm - 1776 - mus txog rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, US architecture nrhiav kev hais txog kev nom kev tswv, kev lag luam thiab kab lis kev cai ywj pheej ntawm lub xeev nrog cov qauv tshiab hauv kev tsim tsoomfwv, kev ntseeg thiab kev kawm vaj tse.

Federal style

Nyob rau xyoo 1780, cov qauv tsim vaj tsev nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau pib txav mus deb ntawm cov qauv ntawm Georgian style, thiab ib hom ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm Asmeskas tsim qauv tsim - tsoomfwv style. Hauv kev tsim cov tsev tshiab ntawm kev tswj hwm thiab kev lag luam, cov kab lus classical, domes, thiab pediments tau siv, ua raws li tus qauv ntawm Rome thiab tim Nkij teb chaws. Zoo sib xws architectural ntsiab, nruj classical cov ntaub ntawv cim lub hnub yug ntawm ib tug tshiab kev ywj pheej lub teb chaws.

Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws style tau nrov tshwj xeeb raws ntug dej hiav txwv Atlantic los ntawm 1780 txog 1830. Qee qhov piv txwv nto moo:

• Massachusetts State House 1798 los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Charles Bulfinch, XeevMassachusetts.
• Lub tsev nyob ntawm Louisbourg Square hauv Beacon Hill, Boston los ntawm tus kws kos duab Charles Bulfinch.
• Hamilton Hall - John Gardiner-Pingry lub tsev xyoo 1805 hauv Salem, Massachusetts, tus kws kos duab Samuel McInteer.
• Old City Hall in Salem Massachusetts 1816-1817

Teb Chaws Asmeskas architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, ntxiv rau tsoomfwv style, tau cim los ntawm ob qho kev qhia nrov dua, uas yog cov kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los, nrog rau ntau cov lus qhia sib xyaw.

American Neo-Gothic

Txij li xyoo 1840, Neo-Gothic style tau nrov hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Cov tsev neeg loj ntawm sab hnub tuaj ntug dej hiav txwv muaj cov vaj tse loj loj thiab cov vaj tsev ua nyob rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia no. American Neo-Gothic kuj yog sawv cev hauv cov tsev teev ntuj, cov tsev kawm qib siab (Yale, Harvard). Nyob rau hauv New York, muaj ib tug piv txwv zoo ntawm American Gothic, ib tug elegant synthesis ntawm Cologne Cathedral thiab Notre Dame de Paris - St. Patrick's Cathedral ntawm 1888, uas yog ib tug keeb kwm monument ntawm architecture nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States. Kev tsim thiab kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Gothic loj tshaj plaws hauv Asmeskas tau coj los ntawm James Renquick. Tib tus kws kes duab vajtse muaj kev tsim kho ntawm Smithsonian Institution hauv Washington DC. Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm neo-Gothic builder hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog Richard Upjohn, uas tau tsim tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov tsev teev ntuj nyob deb nroog nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws, nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog Trinity Church hauv New York.

Style nyiamkev vam meej thiab yog li ntawd muaj nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm lub tebchaws United States mus txog rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nws cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau pom nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ib co skyscrapers nyob rau hauv Chicago thiab New York. Cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm American neo-Gothic:

• 1838-1865 Lyndhurst Apartment Tsev los ntawm kws kes duab vajtse Alexander Jackson Davis hauv Tarrytown, New York;
• James Monroe lub taub hau tau tsa hauv xyoo 1858 ntawm Hollywood Cemetery hauv Richmond, Virginia;
• lub xeev tsev loj cuj tsim xyoo 1867-1876 hauv Mundsville, West Virginia, tus kws kos duab James Renwick;
• St. Patrick's Cathedral, ua 1885-1888, New York, kws kos duab James Renwick;
• piv txwv ntawm Collegiate Gothic - 1912 University of Oklahoma, kws kes duab vajtse Evans Halls.

Ancient Greek Revival

Kev nruj thiab sib luag heev ntawm Greek style nyiam cov neeg Asmeskas cov kws tsim qauv hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Tsoom fwv ntawm lub xeev cov tub ntxhais hluas, tsis muaj kev tswj hwm ntawm Askiv, tau ntseeg tias Amelikas yuav dhau los ua Athens tshiab, uas yog lub tebchaws ywj pheej. Tus kws kes duab vajtse Latrobe, nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm William Strickland thiab Robert Mills, tau txais tsoomfwv txoj haujlwm tsim, zoo ib yam li Greek architecture, ntau lub tsev txhab nyiaj thiab cov tsev teev ntuj hauv nroog loj xws li Philadelphia, B altimore thiab Washington DC. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ntau lub nroog ntawm lub teb chaws, ntau lub nroog tau tsim tsis nyob hauv Roman, tab sis hauv Greek style, piv txwv li, hauv Raleigh ntawm North Carolina lossis Indianapolis ntawm Indiana. Cov qauv no, nrog cov façades yooj yim, cornices txuas ntxiv, thiab tsis muajdomes muab lub tswv yim ntawm nruj lub koom haum, asceticism thiab tshwj xeeb grandeur ntawm lub tsev. Lwm cov piv txwv ntawm Greek style hauv keeb kwm ntawm US architectural:

• New York Kev Cai Lij Choj Tsev (Thawj Federal Customs House), ua tiav xyoo 1842 hauv New York, tsim los ntawm James Renwick.
• The 1861 Ohio State Capitol hauv Columbus los ntawm kws kes duab vajtse Henry W alter.
• Lub Tuam Tsev Rosicrucian Kev Sib Koom Tes, ua rau xyoo 1920 hauv Oceanside California, tsim los ntawm Lester Cramer.

Gilded Age thiab lig 1800s

Tom qab Asmeskas Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thiab mus txog rau lub xyoo pua 20th, muaj ntau yam sib txawv hauv Asmeskas architecture. Cov kev txav no tuaj yeem raug cais raws li lub sijhawm Victorian lig, Poj huab tais Anne style, Shingle style (tiled style), Stick style - variant ntawm neo-Gothic, embodied hauv ntoo architecture. Tag nrho cov qauv no tau hu ua "Victorian" vim tias lawv zoo sib xws nrog European architectural tiam sis thaum lub sij hawm British lig ntawm poj huab tais Victoria. Cov kws tsim txuj ci tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv Asmeskas ntawm lub sijhawm no yog Richard Morris Hunt, Frank Furness, Henry Hobson Richardson.

Lub sijhawm ntawd Asmeskas lub sijhawm muaj kev nplua nuj thiab khoom kim heev, kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam magnates commissioned tsev loj uas rov tsim dua European Renaissance palaces. Ib qho piv txwv zoo li no yog Biltmore Estate ze Asheville, North Carolina. Nws yog tsim los ntawm ib tug kws kes duab vajtseRichard Morris Hunt rau George Washington Vanderbilt, Fabkis Renaissance Château tshwm sim los ntawm Château de Blois, lub tsev fuabtais Fab Kis. Cov vaj tsev ntawm 16,622.8 sq. meters rau hnub no yog lub tsev loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States.

Yam yuav tsum tau muaj rau kev tshwm sim ntawm skyscrapers

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum cuaj hauv Tebchaws Meskas, txhua lub tsev tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob hom raws li lawv lub hom phiaj. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov no yog cov tsev rau thaj chaw thiab pej xeem lub hom phiaj, uas, raws li txoj cai, muaj kev cuam tshuam cov architecture thiab cov qauv ntawm yav dhau los nrog kev siv cov tsoos kho kom zoo nkauj. Ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj cov qauv siv hluav taws xob, xws li cov chaw tsim khoom, kev cob qhia, elevators, uas siv cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub, cov kab hlau, cov ntawv iav hauv ib txoj kev zoo li tsis zoo thiab tsis pom kev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tsev no tsis poob rau hauv qeb ntawm kev zoo nkauj architecture thiab feem ntau tsim los ntawm engineers thiab builders es tsis yog architects.

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm niaj hnub architecture hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas tuaj yeem pom tau tias yog kev hloov kho ntawm lub tsev ua haujlwm zoo li no thiab nws siv dav rau lub hom phiaj uas tsis yog kev lag luam lossis hauv tsev. Niaj hnub nimno architects pib siv cov ntaub ntawv tshiab no tsis yog vim lawv cov tswv yim zoo, lawv paub siv lawv txoj kev zoo nkauj. Piv txwv li, nrog kev pab ntawm iav, qhov chaw sab nrauv ntawm phab ntsa tau qhib rau ntau dua. Pob zeb thiab cib masonry kuj tau poob nws qhov cuam tshuam, raws li cov kab hlau steel tau hloov cov khoom qub uas tau coj los ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no.

Qhov chaw tsim nyogniaj hnub architecture tau dhau los ua qhov pom ntawm lub tsev yuav tsum ua kom pom kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Txoj hauv kev no feem ntau ua rau muaj qhov cuam tshuam uas zoo li txawv ntawm qhov kev pom ib txwm muaj, tab sis vim li no lawv tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv niaj hnub hauv Asmeskas thiab Europe.

Thawj skyscrapers

Lub npe nrov tshaj plaws kev tsim kho vaj tsev nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog skyscrapers, niaj hnub cov tsev siab siab tseem hu ua chaw ua haujlwm yees. Cov kev tsim kho zoo li no tau ua tiav los ntawm ntau qhov kev siv thev naus laus zis. Xyoo 1853, Elisha Otis tau tsim thawj lub elevator kev nyab xeeb, uas tiv thaiv lub tsheb los ntawm kev zawv zawg hauv qab thaum muaj kev sib tsoo. Cov elevators ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj cov tsev khaws khoom ntau ntxiv.

Ib qho kev sib tw xyoo 1868 tau txiav txim siab tsim lub tsev rau 6-zaj New York City Equitable Life Building, uas yog thawj lub tsev lag luam uas siv lub elevator. Kev tsim kho pib xyoo 1873. Nws tau ua raws li lwm cov haujlwm hauv Asmeskas kev lag luam architecture. Tau ntau xyoo lawm, Asmeskas cov tsev siab siab tau koom ua ke kev kho kom zoo nkauj nrog kev tsim kho tshiab.

Tsis ntev, kev tsim kho ntau lub tsev tau ntsib qhov kev sib tw tshiab engineering. Cov kabmob pob zeb phab ntsa tiv thaiv lub nra tsis tshaj 20-zaj dab neeg qhov siab. Xws li kev tsim kho tau ua tiav hauv Monadnock Tsev (1891) los ntawm Burnham & Root hauv Chicago. Pom ib qho kev daws teeb meem rau qhov teeb meem no hauv 1884, engineer William LeBaron Jenny (WilliamLeBaron Jenney, nto moo los ua tus kws kos duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb thawj skyscraper, thiab leej twg hu ua leej txiv ntawm American skyscrapers. Nws tau siv lub rooj txhawb nqa hlau es tsis yog phab ntsa pob zeb hauv kev tsim kho kaum-zaj dab neeg Chicago Insurance House hauv xyoo 1885. Qhov kev siv tshuab no tau coj mus rau qhov nce ntawm skyscraper hauv Asmeskas architecture. Cov kws tsim vaj tse, ua raws li Jenny tus tsim, pib siv cov hlau nyias nyias tab sis muaj zog es tsis txhob siv cov phab ntsa cib, yog li txo qhov hnyav tag nrho ntawm lub tsev los ntawm ob feem peb.

Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb uas tau dhau los ua ib qho chaw nyob rau xyoo pua 20th US architecture ua tsaug rau kev tsim kho tshiab: txij li cov phab ntsa sab nrauv tsis nqa qhov hnyav ntawm lub tsev lawm, lawv qhov chaw tau nyob los ntawm qhov rais loj es tsis txhob cib. Qhov no yog li cas thawj skyscraper tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv uas daim ntawv iav nyob feem ntau ntawm sab nrauv ntawm phab ntsa. Qhov kev tsim tshiab no tau tshwm sim thawj zaug hauv Chicago Reliance Building tsim los ntawm Charles B. Atwood thiab E. Shankland hauv 1890-1895. Qee lub tsev zoo tshaj plaws thaum ntxov tau tsim los ntawm Louis Sullivan, Asmeskas thawj tus kws tsim qauv zoo nkauj niaj hnub.

Woolworth Building

xyoo pua 20th architecture hauv Asmeskas yog cim los ntawm ntau lub skyscrapers. Ib lub skyscrapers tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog xyoo 1913 Woolworth Building hauv New York City, ua los ntawm tus kws tsim txuj ci Asmeskas tseem ceeb Cass Gilbert thiab tau txib los ntawm tus ua lag luam loj Frank Woolworth. Siv cov thev naus laus zis dhau los mus rau qib tshiab, tus kws tshaj lij kws tsim qauv tsim kev tsim kho ntawm 57-storey tsev nrog qhov siab ntawm 233 meters, vim li ntawd, lub tsev ua tiav tau mus txog.241 m. Frank Woolworth yog tus kiv cua ntawm gothic cathedrals, thiab Cass Gilbert tsim lub chaw ua haujlwm ntauwd nrog cov qauv neo-gothic rau nws lub khw. Txog xyoo 1930, Lub Tsev Woolworth yog lub tsev siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Txog niaj hnub no, tus qauv tseem yog ib qho ntawm 100 qhov chaw ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas, thiab tseem yog ib qho ntawm peb caug lub tsev loj tshaj plaws hauv New York. Txij li xyoo 1966, Lub Tsev Woolworth tau raug xaiv los ua National Historic Landmark thiab lub cim tseem ceeb rau lub nroog.

skyscrapers yog khoom ntawm kev sib tw ua tsev

Lub Tsev Woolworth tau ua raws los ntawm ntau lub tsev zoo heev uas tau sib tw rau lub npe ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws skyscraper lossis tus tsim zoo heev thiab dhau los ua lub cim ntawm kev siab siab Asmeskas.

40 Phab ntsa Street, paub txij li xyoo 1996 los ua Trump Tsev, yog 72-zaj dab neeg Neo-Gothic New York skyscraper ua lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm ntawm Manhattan ruaj. Kev tsim kho tau siv sijhawm 11 lub hlis thiab ua tiav xyoo 1930. Qhov siab ntawm tag nrho cov plag tsev ntawm Trump Tsev yog 255 m, ua ke nrog cov spire, lub tsev nce mus rau 282.5 m. Lub skyscraper yog lub tsev siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no rau ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm tom qab lub Woolworth Building, tab sis lub npe no tau muab los ntawm nws. los ntawm Chrysler Building chaw ua haujlwm ntauwd, uas tau los ua kev ntseeg hauv kev zoo nkauj ntawm Asmeskas architecture.

Cov lus piav qhia thiab cov duab tsis qhia tag nrho cov qauv tsim ntawm Chrysler Tsev, New York's Art Deco skyscraper nyob hauv Manhattan. Lub Tsev Chrysler tau tsim los ntawm kws kes duab vajtse William Van Alen hauvraws li lub tuam txhab hauv paus chaw ua haujlwm los ntawm W alter Chrysler, lub taub hau ntawm lub tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws Chrysler. Ua ke nrog lub ru tsev qub thiab kav hlau txais xov spire, lub tsev 77-zaj dab neeg mus txog 318.9 m thiab tshaj tag nrho cov tsev yav dhau los.

Txawm li cas los xij, 11 lub hlis tom qab, cov ntaub ntawv no tau tawg los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Lub Tebchaws. Thaum lub tsev Chrysler tiav lawm, kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov qauv tsim, dhau lawm rau lub sijhawm, tau ntau dua li kev sib xyaw: qee qhov xav tias lub tsev tsis yog tib yam, lwm tus uas nws zoo li vwm, thiab muaj cov neeg uas pom tias nws yog lub cim thiab niaj hnub tshaj plaws. Tam sim no lub tsev Chrysler yog ib qho classic, piv txwv ntawm Art Deco architectural style, thiab hauv 2007 tus pej thuam tau nyob rau qib cuaj ntawm cov npe ntawm Asmeskas cov kev nyiam tshaj plaws.

Nyob rau hauv cov lus piav qhia ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Lub Tebchaws, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias lub skyscraper yog lub cim ntawm lub xeev thiab lub nroog New York. Nws lub npe yog muab los ntawm "Empire State", ib qho ntawm lub xeev lub npe menyuam yaus yos rov qab rau xyoo pua 19th. Pom tau tias yog Asmeskas kab lis kev cai icon, tus pej thuam tau nthuav tawm ntau tshaj 250 TV qhia thiab yeeb yaj kiab txij li xyoo 1933 zaj duab xis King Kong. Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Lub Xeev, nrog rau hauv pem teb sab hauv, tau raug xaiv los ntawm New York City Landmarks Commission ua lub cim tseem ceeb rau lub nroog. Lub tsev tau raug hu ua ib qho ntawm Xya Lub Ntiaj Teb Niaj Hnub No los ntawm American Society of Civil Engineers. Txij li thaum xyoo 1986, lub skyscraper no tau raug teev tseg raws li National Historic Landmark, thiab hauv 2007 nws tau ua thawj qhov chaw hauv cov npe ntawm cov tsev uas tau xaiv. American Institute of Architects. Lub tuam tsev Empire State yog 102-zaj dab neeg Art Deco skyscraper tsim los ntawm ib pab pawg neeg tsim khoom hauv xyoo 1931. Tag nrho qhov siab ntawm lub tsev, suav nrog cov kav hlau txais xov, yog 443.2 m. Raws li xyoo 2017, lub tsev yog lub tsev thib tsib siab tshaj plaws ua tiav skyscraper hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab 28th siab tshaj hauv ntiaj teb. Nws tseem yog tus 6th siab tshaj plaws autonomous qauv nyob rau hauv Americas.

Ntawm tshiab kev tsim kho tshiab nrog thoob ntiaj teb style

Ua ntej Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, ntau tus kws tsim vaj tsev nyob sab Europe tau tsiv mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, coj cov tswv yim ntawm qhov yuav tom qab hu ua International Style. Qhov kev taw qhia no tau nthuav dav thoob plaws ntiaj teb thiab mus txog rau xyoo 1970s tau muaj zog hauv kev tsim kho loj. Feem ntau ntawm cov tswv yim thiab cov qauv tsim ntawm International Style tau dhau los ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm 21st century US architecture. Cov style yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv hnyav hnyav thiab cov ntaub ntawv rov ua dua tshiab. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ntim thiab daim ntawv yooj yim yog siv zog thaum cov khoom dai thiab cov xim raug tso tseg, cov chaw tiaj tus monotonous siv, feem ntau hloov nrog iav.

Hauv xyoo 1952, New York skyscraper Lever House tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Manhattan. Ua nyob rau hauv lub International style, nws tsis yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog siab, mus txog 94 m. Tab sis lub tsev, tsim los ntawm Gordon Bunshout thiab Nathalie de Blois, tau los ua ib tug txiav-ntug, raws li nws siv ib tug tshiab txoj kev mus rau uniform glazing ntawm lub sab nrauv ntawm lub tsev.. Cov txheej txheem no yuav tsim nws tus kheej hauv kev tsim kho tam sim noxyoo pua, 21st caug xyoo architecture hauv Asmeskas thiab thoob ntiaj teb. Qhov kev ntshaw rau thaj tsam qhov rais tau nce mus txog nws qhov kev txiav txim siab hauv Lever House: tag nrho cov facade ntawm lub tsev muaj cov qhov rais txuas ntxiv. Cov iav thiab nyias strips ntawm cov hlau ntawm lub plhaub sab nrauv ntawm cov qauv, cov txheej txheem tsim kho tshiab los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua dhau los tau dhau los ua tus qauv tsim niaj hnub no.

me me suburban kev tsim kho

Yog tias peb tham txog cov tsev nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tom qab ntawd nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm cov tsheb ciav hlau hluav taws xob raws lub nplhaib sab hauv ib ncig ntawm cov nroog loj, kev tsim tsev hauv tsev pib tsim. Thawj qhov kev zoo siab ntawm txoj kev loj hlob hauv nroog tau pib nyob rau nruab nrab-1890s thiab kav mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm 1930s. Feem ntau ntawm cov tsev ntiag tug tau tshwm sim ze ntawm cov tsheb ciav hlau thiab kev tsheb ciav hlau, uas yog tib txoj kev thauj mus los sib txuas lus nrog lub nroog. Lub tsev boom ntawm lub sijhawm no coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub tsev tshiab, lub npe hu ua American square lossis American plaub. Cov tsev no yooj yim rau hauv daim ntawv thiab tsim, ib lossis ob zaj dab neeg siab, feem ntau suav nrog cov khoom siv tes ua.

Thawj cov zej zog tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nroog ntawm Tebchaws Meskas nyob rau sab hauv suburbs, kuj hu ua thawj lub nplhaib tsim. Lawv yog cov neeg laus tshaj plaws nyob hauv nroog cov zej zog uas muaj keeb kwm tseem ceeb thiab nplua nuj. Feem ntau cov kev lag luam ntiag tug hauv av sib koom ua ib thaj tsam nrog thaj chaw loj hauv nroog thiab tsim nyob ze ntawm txoj kev, kev tsheb ciav hlau, tram kab tawm ntawm lub nroog, lossis ntawm cov ferry terminals thiab cov kab dej.

Pib nthwv cua thib ob ntawm suburbanlub tsev nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States muaj nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Xyoo 1944 Txoj Cai Lij Choj thiab kev txiav txim siab qiv nyiaj hauv tsoomfwv tau ua rau tus kheej lub tsev pheej yig rau cov neeg qiv nyiaj tsawg. Qhov no tau hloov pauv qhov kev tsim vaj tsev sab hauv suburban. Cov nyiaj qiv los ntawm tsoomfwv tau ua rau kev npau suav ntawm ib lub tsev thiab lub tsheb pheej yig heev rau ntau tus pej xeem. Lub teb chaws pib lub ntiaj teb no kev tsim kho ntawm tsev nyob nrog ib tug zoo-tswj thiab xis, tab sis txheem architecture ntawm tib hom. Xws li cov chaw nyob monotonous tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas toj roob hauv pes thiab tam sim no muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev tsim vaj tsev nyob qis.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ib qho kev taw qhia rau kev tsim vaj tsev ntiag tug tau tshwm sim, hu ua tus tshiab classical architecture. Tsis zoo li cov tsev loj nyiaj tsawg, neoclassical tsev yog tsim los rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm proportions, cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tsoos architecture ntawm yav dhau los yeej thiab tiam sis. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, xws li kev tsim kho tau txais kev muaj koob meej uas tsis tau pom dua thiab ib zaug ntxiv hloov cov vaj tsev vaj tsev ntawm Asmeskas suburbs.