Keeb kwm ntawm aviation paub ntau lub dav hlau ntawm ntau hom thiab hom. Nws tsis zoo li tias txhua lub npe ntawm lub dav hlau tuaj yeem sau npe. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov ua tau kom npog cov qauv tseem ceeb. Cia wb mus saib seb lub dav hlau raug cais li cas, lawv hom, hom, npe yuav raug txiav txim siab.
Npes
Cia peb saib cov npe ntawm cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws tseem ceeb hauv cov tsiaj ntawv. Cov npe suav nrog ob lub tuam txhab uas twb muaj lawm thiab cov uas raug tshem tawm:
- Aérospatiale (Fabkis).
- Airbus (EU).
- Boeing (USA).
- British Aerospace (UK).
- British Aircraft (UK).
- Heinkel (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees).
- Junkers (Germany).
- McDonnell Douglas (USA).
- Messerschmitt (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees).
Cov npe ntawm cov dav hlau nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv, ua nyob rau hauv lub USSR thiab post-Soviet lub teb chaws, yog muab hauv qab no:
- An (Antonov).
- And (Polikarpov).
- Il (Ilyushin).
- La(Lavochkin).
- LaGG (Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov).
- Li (Lisunov).
- MiG (Mikoyan thiab Gurevich).
- Po (Polikarpov).
- Su (Dry).
- Tu (Tupolev).
- Yak (Yakovlev).
dav hlau cais li cas?
Ua ntej tshaj, cia peb kawm seb lub dav hlau yog dab tsi. Cov npe ntawm cov dav hlau tuaj yeem qhia ntau, tab sis kev faib tawm yuav qhia peb ntau dua. Yuav ua li cas yog aircraft cais? Lawv ua qhov no raws li cov hauv qab no:
- as intended;
- speeds;
- ntau lub cav;
- motor yam;
- chassis yam;
- mass;
- ntau tis;
- fuselage size;
- control type;
- tawm lub cev.
Tam sim no peb yuav nyob ntawm qee cov ntsiab lus saum toj no.
Kev cais raws lub hom phiaj
Nws suav tias yog qhov ntau tshaj. Raws li qhov ntsuas no, txhua lub dav hlau tau muab faib ua ob hom loj: tub rog thiab pej xeem. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua pab pawg muaj nws tus kheej faib ua pawg me.
Raws li cov kev koom tes tshwj xeeb, cov tub rog dav hlau tau muab faib ua pawg tshwj xeeb hauv qab no: foob pob, cuam tshuam cov dav hlau, cov dav hlau tua hluav taws, cov dav hlau tua, cov tub rog thauj nkoj, cov foob pob tawg, thiab cov dav hlau tshawb nrhiav.
Nyob rau hauv pej xeem aviation, lub davhlau ya davhlau tau muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no: neeg caij tsheb, kev ua liaj ua teb, thauj, xa ntawv, kev sim, thiab lwm yam.
Bombers
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus foob pob yog txhawm rau rhuav tshem lub hom phiaj hauv av. Lawv ua nws nrog foob pob thiab missiles.
Tam sim no cia saib cov npe ntawm cov tub rog dav hlau. Ntawm cov neeg tawg rog, cov qauv hauv qab no tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv: Su-24, Tu-160, Su-34. Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, lub foob pob hauv Pe-2 tau nrov heev. Tab sis thawj zaug tuaj yeem hu ua tus naas ej "Ilya Muromets" - kev tsim ntawm tus tsim qauv Igor Sikorsky. Cov cuab yeej no tau tawm thawj zaug hauv huab cua hauv xyoo 1913. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, nws tau hloov mus ua ib lub foob pob. Lub dav hlau Ilya Muromets kuj tau siv thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog.
Ntawm cov dav hlau txawv teb chaws, ib tus tuaj yeem tawm niaj hnub Asmeskas cov tswv yim foob pob Northrop B-2 Ntsuj Plig, XB-70 Valkyrie, Rockwell B-1 Lancer, B-2, B-52 Stratofortress, US-ua aircraft ntawm 30s Boeing B-17 thiab Martin B-10, German WWII-era Junkers Ju 86 thiab Heinkel He 111 bombers.
Sib ntaus
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej no yog kev rhuav tshem cov dav hlau thiab lwm yam khoom uas nyob hauv huab cua.
Cov npe ntawm cov dav hlau dav hlau tseem yuav hais ntau rau tus neeg paub txog kev ua tub rog. Cov qauv nrov tshaj plaws ntawm Soviet lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob yog LaGG-3, I-15 bis, MiG-3, I-16, I-153, Yak-1. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, German aircraft Bf.109, Bf.110 thiab Fw 190, as Well as jet Me.262, Me.163 Komet thiab He 162 Volksjager yeej koob meej hauv ntiaj teb.
Nrog rau Sovietfighters ntawm ib tug tom qab era yuav tsum tau distinguished MiG-31, Su-27 thiab MiG-29. Tam sim no, lub ntuj yog sau nrog niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab aircraft. Lawv cov npe tau paub zoo rau cov kws tshaj lij aviation. Cov no yog 4++ tiam neeg tua rog Su-35 thiab MiG-35.
Lub ntiaj teb thawj tus naj npawb tsib tiam neeg tua rog, Boeing F-22, nrog rau cov qauv F-4 thiab F-15 Eagle ua ntej, sawv tawm ntawm cov qauv Asmeskas niaj hnub no.
Sib ntaus sib tua-bombers
Lawv muab cov haujlwm ntawm thawj ob pawg ntawm cov dav hlau uas peb tau piav qhia. Qhov ntawd yog, lawv rhuav tshem ob lub hom phiaj huab cua thiab hauv av.
Tus German Me.262, tus qauv hloov kho ntawm British Supermarine Spitfire fighter, De Havilland Mosquito, thiab Soviet Yak-9 yog suav tias yog thawj tus neeg foob pob tawg rog.
Ntawm cov dav hlau niaj hnub no, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los qhia txog MiG-23B, Su-17M, MiG-27 thiab Asmeskas qauv F-105.
Interceptors
Lawv yog ib hom subspecies ntawm fighters tsim los rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab bombers. Tsis zoo li cov neeg sib ntaus sib tua, lawv tau nruab nrog cov cuab yeej muaj zog radar.
Ntawm cov tub rog Soviet interceptors, cov npe hauv qab no tau paub: Su-15, Su-9, Tu-128, Yak-28, MiG-25. Ntawm cov qauv Asmeskas, koj tuaj yeem xaiv F-16 thiab Grumman F-14. Japanese Mitsubishi F-2 aircraft thiab British interceptor Panavia Tornado ADV kuj paub rau ntiaj teb no.
Stormtroopers
Lawv cov dej num suav nrog kev txhawb nqa huab cua rau hauv av.
Lub dav hlau nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm WWII era yog Il-2 thiab Il-10 aircraft. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauvCov yeeb ncuab siv Hs 129 thiab Ju 87 rau lub hom phiaj zoo sib xws. Ntawm cov dav hlau nres niaj hnub no, cov npe ntawm Su-25, F / A-18, A-10 aircraft yuav tsum tau qhia.
tsheb thauj tub rog
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog thauj dav hlau yog xa cov tub rog thauj khoom thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm.
Lub dav hlau ntawm chav kawm no tam sim no ua haujlwm nrog Tub Rog ntawm Lavxias Federation yog Il-76, An-26, An-124 thiab An-12. Ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas cov neeg sib tw, Douglas YC-15, Boeing C-17, Boeing C-97 thiab Boeing E-8 yuav tsum tau qhia.
neeg caij dav hlau
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov qauv dav hlau dav hlau yuav pib nrog lawv. Hom dav hlau no, raws li lub npe qhia, yog tsim los nqa cov neeg caij tsheb.
thawj lub dav hlau tsim khoom nqa cov neeg pej xeem raug suav hais tias yog tib lub tebchaws "Ilya Muromets", uas yav tom ntej tau hloov mus ua tus foob pob. Nws ua nws thawj lub davhlau los ntawm St. Petersburg mus rau Kyiv nrog kaum rau tus neeg caij tsheb rov qab rau xyoo 1914.
Lub dav hlau nrov tshaj plaws thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev ya davhlau yog American Douglas DC-3, uas ua nws thawj zaug ya davhlau rov qab rau xyoo 1935. Ntau yam kev hloov kho ntawm nws tseem siv niaj hnub no. Piv txwv li, lub Soviet version ntawm lub dav hlau no yog Li-2.
Thawj lub dav hlau tau piav qhia saum toj no. Cov npe ntawm cov neeg sib tw tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam aviation niaj hnub no yog Boeing thiab Airbus.
Boeing
Lub tuam txhab Asmeskas Boeing pib rov qab rau xyoo 1916. Txij thaum ntawd los, nws tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov dav hlau, feem ntautxoj kev, rau pej xeem aviation, txawm hais tias kuj muaj cov tub rog thauj qauv. Cov npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg caij dav hlau ntawm lub tuam txhab no yog Boeing 737, Boeing 747, Boeing 747-8, Boeing 777 thiab Boeing 787.
Thawj tus qauv saum toj no tau tso tawm xyoo 1968, thiab hnub no yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm txhua tus neeg caij dav hlau. Lub Boeing 747, tsim ib xyoo tom qab, yog ib tug pioneer ntawm dav-lub cev dav hlau. Lub Boeing 747-8 yog tus neeg caij dav hlau ntev tshaj plaws. Nws tau tso tawm xyoo 2010. Niaj hnub no, Boeing 777, uas tau tsim txij li xyoo 1994, tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam aviation. Tus qauv tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm lub tuam txhab tam sim no yog Boeing 787 ntawm 2009.
Y"Airbus"
Raws li tau hais dhau los, Boeing tus neeg sib tw tseem ceeb hauv kev ua lag luam hauv ntiaj teb yog lub tuam txhab European Airbus, lub hauv paus hauv Fab Kis. Nws tau tsim ntau tom qab nws cov neeg sib tw Asmeskas - hauv xyoo 1970. Cov npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm lub tuam txhab no yog A300, A320, A380 thiab A350 XWB.
Qhia hauv xyoo 1972, A300 yog thawj lub dav hlau ntxaib lub cev dav dav. Lub A320, tsim nyob rau hauv 1988, yog thawj zaug nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no siv fly-by-wire daim ntawv ntawm kev tswj. A380, uas thawj zaug coj mus rau saum ntuj ceeb tsheej xyoo 2005, yog qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nws tuaj yeem nqa mus txog 480 tus neeg caij tsheb. The latest development of the company is the A350 XWB. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog kev sib twyav dhau los tso tawm Boeing 787. Thiab lub dav hlau no tau ua tiav nrog txoj haujlwm no, hla nws cov yeeb ncuab ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
Soviet neeg caij dav hlau
Lub Soviet neeg caij dav hlau kev lag luam kuj tau sawv cev ntawm qib tsim nyog. Feem ntau ntawm cov qauv yog Aeroflot aircraft. Cov npe ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb: Tu, Il, An thiab Yak.
thawj lub dav hlau hauv tebchaws yog Tu-104, tsim tawm xyoo 1955. Tu-154, thawj qhov kev tawm tsam uas tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1972, suav tias yog lub dav hlau loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Soviet. Xyoo 1968 Tu-144 tau txais cov xwm txheej zoo li lub ntiaj teb thawj lub dav hlau tawg lub suab thaiv. Nws tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov nrawm txog li 2.5 txhiab km / h, thiab cov ntaub ntawv no tsis tau tawg rau peb lub sijhawm. Tam sim no, tus qauv ua haujlwm tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm lub dav hlau, tsim los ntawm Tupolev Design Bureau, yog Tu-204 aircraft xyoo 1990, nrog rau nws cov kev hloov kho Tu-214.
Ib txwm, dhau ntawm Tu muaj lwm lub dav hlau Aeroflot. Cov npe nrov tshaj plaws yog: Il-18, Il-114, Il-103, An-24, An-28, Yak-40 thiab Yak-42.
Airliners los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb
Ntxiv rau qhov saum toj no, muaj cov qauv tsim nyog los ntawm lwm cov tuam ntxhab ntawm cov neeg caij dav hlau.
The British De Havilland Comet, launched hauv 1949, yog lub ntiaj teb thawj lub dav hlau dav hlau. Fabkis-British airliner Concorde, tsim nyob rau hauv 1969, tau txais ntau qhov chaw. Nws tau poob rau hauv keeb kwm vim qhov tseeb tias nws yog qhov kev sim thib ob (tom qab Tu-144) los tsim lub dav hlau supersonic. Thiab txog tam sim no, ob lub dav hlau no yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv qhov no, txij li tam sim no tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem tsim cov neeg caij dav hlau tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm loj, muaj peev xwm txav nrawm dua li suab.
thauj neeg ua haujlwm
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev thauj dav hlau yog thauj cov khoom hla kev deb.
Ntawm cov dav hlau ntawm hom no, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los xaiv cov qauv Western ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb hloov kho rau kev thauj mus los: Douglas MD-11F, Airbus A330-200F, Airbus A300-600ST thiab Boeing 747-8F.
Tab sis feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov hauv kev tsim cov dav hlau thauj, Soviet, thiab tam sim no Ukrainian tsim chaw ua haujlwm npe hu ua Antonov, tau nto moo. Nws tsim cov dav hlau uas niaj hnub ua txhaum ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev muaj peev xwm nqa tau: An-22 1965 (nqa peev - 60 tons), An-124 1984 (nqa peev - 120 tons), An-225 1988 (siv lub nkoj 253, 8 t.). Cov qauv tshiab tam sim no tuav cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj peev xwm thauj khoom tam sim no. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau npaj siv nws los thauj cov tsheb thauj neeg Soviet Buran, tab sis nrog lub cev qhuav dej ntawm USSR, qhov project tseem tsis tau paub.
Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation nrog thauj aviation, txhua yam tsis yog rosy. Cov npe ntawm Lavxias teb sab aircraft yog raws li nram no: Il-76, Il-112 thiab Il-214. Tab sis qhov teeb meem yog tias tam sim no tsim Il-76 tau tsim rov qab rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv 1971, thiab tus so yog npaj.tso tawm xyoo 2017 xwb.
Agricultural aircraft
Muaj cov dav hlau uas nws txoj haujlwm yog kho thaj chaw nrog tshuaj tua kab, tshuaj tua kab thiab lwm yam tshuaj. Hom dav hlau no hu ua kev ua liaj ua teb.
U-2 thiab An-2 paub los ntawm Soviet cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv no, uas, vim qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv siv, tau nrov npe hu ua "pob zeb" los ntawm cov neeg.
Speed Division
Ntxiv rau qhov kev faib tawm ntawm lub dav hlau los ntawm lub hom phiaj, uas peb tau kawm hauv kev nthuav dav saum toj no, muaj lwm hom kev qeb duas. Cov no suav nrog kev faib tawm los ntawm kev ya davhlau ceev. Raws li qhov no, lub dav hlau tau muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no: subsonic, transonic aircraft, supersonic aircraft thiab hypersonic.
Nws yooj yim pom tias lub dav hlau subsonic txav qeeb dua lub suab. Transsonic aircraft ya nyob ze-sonic speeds, supersonic aircraft tsoo lub suab barrier, thiab hypersonic aircraft yog ntau tshaj tsib zaug sai.
Tam sim no, lub tsheb nrawm tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb tau suav tias yog kev sim siab lub tsheb los ntawm Asmeskas X-43A 2001. Nws tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov nrawm ntawm 11,200 km / h. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thib ob yog nws compatriot X-15, tso rov qab rau xyoo 1959. Qhov ceev yog 7273 km / h. Yog tias peb tsis tham txog kev sim tsheb, tab sis hais txog cov dav hlau uas ua cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb, ces American SR-71, muaj peev xwm ceev txog 3530 km / h, muaj kev sib tw. Ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tawm ib qho supersonicMiG-25. Nws qhov ceev tshaj plaws tuaj yeem ncav cuag 3000 km / h.
Nyob rau hauv cov neeg nrog caij aviation, tej yam phem heev nrog ceev. Txog rau tam sim no, tsuas yog ob lub dav hlau supersonic tau tsim: hauv tsev Tu-144 (1968) thiab Fabkis-English Concorde (1969). Thawj ntawm lawv tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov ntsuas ceev txog li 2.5 txhiab km / h, uas yog cov ntaub ntawv dav dav dav dav, tab sis qhov no tsuas yog qhov thib kaum ntawm cov dav hlau ntawm txhua lub hom phiaj. Nws tseem yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias tam sim no tsis muaj ib lub dav hlau supersonic uas tab tom ua haujlwm, txij li kev siv Tu-144 raug tso tseg rov qab rau xyoo 1978, thiab kev siv Concorde tau nres hauv 2003.
Hypersonic neeg nrog caij dav hlau yeej tsis muaj nyob kiag li. Muaj tseeb tiag, tam sim no muaj ntau txoj haujlwm ntawm ob lub tsev tsim khoom hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws rau kev tsim lub dav hlau hypersonic. Ntawm lawv, nto moo tshaj plaws yog European ZEHST. Lub dav hlau no yuav muaj peev xwm ua tau nrawm txog 5,000 km / h, tab sis lub sijhawm ntawm nws qhov kev tsim tsis meej. Muaj ob txoj haujlwm zoo sib xws hauv Russia - Tu-244 thiab Tu-444, tab sis tam sim no ob leeg tau khov.
Lwm hom kev faib tawm
Los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov cav hauv lub dav hlau, muaj qhov qeb duas ntawm ib mus rau kaum ob lub cav.
Raws li hom cav, dav hlau tau muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no: hluav taws xob, piston, turboprop, dav hlau, foob pob hluav taws, thiab cov khoom siv nrog lub cav ua ke.
Raws li hom chassis, kev faib tawm ntawm lub dav hlau yog raws li hauv qab no: log,caij ski, hovercraft, caterpillar, ntab, amphibious. Lawm, wheeled aircraft yog siv dav tshaj plaws.
Los ntawm qhov hnyav, dav hlau muab faib ua super-lub teeb, lub teeb, nruab nrab-qhov hnyav, hnyav thiab super-heavy aircraft.
Raws li tus naj npawb ntawm tis, nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm txo lawv cov naj npawb, aircraft muab faib ua polyplanes, triplanes, biplanes, sesquiplanes thiab monoplanes.
Tseem muaj kev faib tawm raws li qhov loj ntawm lub fuselage: nqaim-lub cev thiab dav-lub cev.
Raws li kev faib tawm ntawm hom kev tswj hwm, dav hlau tau muab faib ua cov neeg tsav tsheb thiab tsis muaj neeg tsav dav hlau.
Raws li daim ntawv ntawm kev tawm mus, txhua lub dav hlau tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no: ntsug nqa tawm, kab rov tav thiab luv.
Variety
Peb tau kawm tias kev faib cov dav hlau yog dab tsi, lawv hom, hom, npe kuj raug txiav txim siab. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, ntau tus qauv tau nthuav tawm uas ua tau ntau yam haujlwm thiab muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv heev. Lub ntiaj teb ntawm kev dav hlau dav hlau muaj ntau qhov sib txawv, thiab nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia txog txhua yam ntawm nws hauv ib qho kev tshuaj xyuas.
Txawm li cas los xij, peb tuaj yeem muab lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm qhov teeb meem no los ntawm kev piav qhia lub dav hlau nto moo tshaj plaws uas tau ploj mus hauv keeb kwm. Hom thiab cov npe, txawm tias lawv coob npaum li cas los xij, tseem ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauv kev kom paub meej lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ncauj lus no.
