Txhua tus tau ntsib kev xav tsis thoob thaum nws los txog rau thaj chaw. Tsev, vaj tse thiab chaw ua si…
Forward mus rau hauv keeb kwm Lavxias teb sab
Ntawm ib sab, cov no yog cov chaw uas muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog keeb kwm, kev ua yeeb yam, lub neej Lavxias tiag tiag thiab kev lis kev cai, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, lub xeev ntawm ntau qhov chaw nco ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab kev khuv xim. Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm thiab Lavxias teb sab ntsuj plig - lub ntsiab lus, feem ntau, yog qhov sib txawv, tab sis qee zaum lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo heev uas tsis muaj ib qho kev cuam tshuam nws tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab txog lwm tus, thiab, yog li ntawd, kom tau txais cov lus teb rau lo lus nug: dab tsi, qhov tseeb, puas yog neeg Lavxias?
Lub taub hau thiab chaw khaws cia ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv suburbs
Manors yog qhov chaw uas txhua tus neeg thib ob tau mus. Cov npe ntawm qee thaj chaw nyob ze Moscow thiab thaj av tau paub zoo rau pej xeem: Abramtsevo, Arkhangelskoye, Marfino, Kuskovo thiab lwm tus. Qhov no muaj tseeb, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub 17-19 centuries. cov vaj tse noble yog ib yam ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab keeb kwm tshwm sim, nrog rau cov nroog loj thiab me, cov tsev teev ntuj, cov zos, cov zos, cov tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tsev teev ntuj.
Historians hais tias thaum kawg ntawm xyoo pua 19th. Nyob rau hauv Russia muaj los ntawm 50 mus rau 100 txhiab vaj tse thiabvaj tse. Lawm, kev ua si ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kev lag luam, kev ua yeeb yam thiab lub neej muaj tswv yim thiab keeb kwm thaj chaw ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow tau sib txuas zoo. Tej zaum tsis muaj tus tsim Lavxias teb sab thiab xav txog ntawm 18-19th centuries, uas nws txoj hmoo thiab lub neej yuav tsis txuas nrog ib lub teb chaws Lavxias teb sab. Thiab cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab xws li suburban architecture, vaj kab lis kev cai thiab architecture, toj roob hauv pes tsim muaj lawv cov hauv paus hniav nyob rau hauv lub Moscow cheeb tsam, cov vaj tse thiab cov xwm ntawm uas ua tib zoo khaws cia lawv.
Nco ntsoov nco ntsoov tias cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab tos txais qhua, Lavxias teb sab cuisine, yos hav zoov, sau tsis tshua muaj phau ntawv thiab sau tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab. kuj txuam nrog cov nom tswv tsev neeg kab lis kev cai.
Pib npaj
Nyob rau hauv thaj tsam 100-kilometer los ntawm Moscow Ring Road, koj tuaj yeem suav txog 200 thaj av thiab thaj chaw. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th Muaj txog 1000 ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Moscow, tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog ib tug nco thiab tsim nyog mloog nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej txoj kev, tab sis lub sij hawm yog tam sim no xws li mus xyuas qhov chaw nthuav yuav tsum tau npaj tsawg kawg yog me ntsis.:
- txog qhov chaw, nyob deb, txoj kev (metro, tsheb ciav hlau, tsheb npav, tsheb);
- txognta (" txawv txawv") ntawm qhov chaw: lub xeev tsev cia puav pheej-reserve, tsev-tsev cia puav pheej, departmental qhov chaw, tsuas yog lub tsev txuam nrog keeb kwm, ntaub ntawv, painting, architecture;
- yog tias qhov chaw cuam tshuam nrog cov tsev khaws puav pheej exhibition, nws yuav zoo kom paub txog cov nqi pib, cov sijhawm qhib thiab qhov chaw so thiab zaub mov. Tseem muaj cov kev xaiv thaum lub tsev khaws puav pheej, cov vaj tse ntawm thaj av Moscow yog nyob rau hauv ib lub tuam tsev thiab kev nkag tau yooj yim, tab sis, raws li cov neeg taug kev sau ntawv, muaj ib txwm "lub qhov hauv laj kab tom qab", thiab koj tseem tuaj yeem mus txog qhov ntawd.;
- sib txheeb qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm ib puag ncig nrog ib tus kheej lub hom phiaj: tsuas yog so hauv qhov chaw zoo nkauj, sau ntawv, keeb kwm, kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kos duab, thiab lwm yam.
"kev sib tw" yuav pab txuag sijhawm thiab tau txais kev txaus siab tiag tiag los ntawm kev mus xyuas qhov chaw nthuav.
Historic Sites
Ib qho kev lig kev cai ntawm haiv neeg Lavxias siab txij li lub sijhawm Peter lub Great yog kev pub dawb ntawm cov vaj tse thiab cov zos rau kev pabcuam ncaj ncees. Qhov no yog pes tsawg thaj av uas muaj koob meej tshwm sim hauv cheeb tsam Moscow, piv txwv li, Glinka vaj tse, tso cai los ntawm Peter I, raws li ib lub zos nyob ze Moscow, rau nws koom nrog Yakov Bruce, tub rog thiab statesman, kws tshawb fawb thiab diplomat. Tom qab so haujlwm, Bruce tau koom nrog perestroika, kev sim kev tshawb fawb, thiab txawm tias tau txais lub koob npe nrov li "tus kws ua khawv koob thiab tub rog."
keeb kwm ntawm Glinka vaj tse yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Peter lub Great, Lavxias teb sab tub rog science., thiab cov kev lis kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub 17th-18th centuries. Yog tias koj cia li sau cov keeb kwm nto moothiab lawv cov vaj tse nyob hauv cheeb tsam, cov npe yuav zoo siab:
- Serednikovo yog tsev neeg cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Stolypins. Kuv tam sim ntawd nco qab Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, Lavxias teb sab hloov kho ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Txawm tias ua ntej, Serednikovo tau txuam nrog thaum yau ntawm tus kws sau paj lug M. Yu. Lermontov. Tom qab ntawd, Chaliapin thiab Rachmaninov tuaj xyuas ntawm no. Niaj hnub no, Serednikovo yog lub feem ntau "xov xwm" cuab yeej cuab tam nyob rau hauv Moscow cheeb tsam, nrog ib tug nthuav zaj duab xis lub zos, nrog rau cov scenery ntawm England nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th;
- Kev sib tham - muab qhov tob tob hauv keeb kwm. Cov keeb kwm hauv zos hu rau Kev Sib Tham qhov chaw uas Dmitry Donskoy pitched nws lub tsev pheeb suab, mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Mamai (Kulikovo Field);
- Gorki (Lenin) yog hnub no lub tsev khaws puav pheej cuam tshuam nrog lub neej ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm lub ntiaj teb proletariat. Lub "qhov tseem ceeb" ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej nthuav tawm yog Rolls-Royce lub tsheb uas tsav Vladimir Ilyich. Tab sis dab tsi yog qhov xav paub, thawj qhov hais txog cov vaj tsev hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 16th, thiab cov tsev sab hauv tau khaws cia los ntawm 18th-19th centuries.
Tau kawg, tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los hais txog txhua lub tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm hauv Moscow thiab cheeb tsam Moscow, tab sis koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv ib txwm. Thiab qhov nthuav, keeb kwm qee zaum cuam tshuam nrog cov xwm txheej sau ntawv thiab kos duab.
Literary chaw
Bolshiye Vyazemy tau tso cai los ntawm Peter Ι rau Tub Vaj Ntxwv Golitsyn "rau kev txuag cov tub ntxhais hluas tsar thaum lub sij hawm Streltsy revolt". Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cuab yeej cuab tam muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog lub neej ntawm Boris Godunov, Pavel Ι, Kutuzov, Napoleon, Bagration, L. Tolstoy. Tab sis dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb - Vyazemy yog lub teb chaws poetic ntawm Pushkin: nws dhau ntawm nothaum yau, ntawm no nws tau paub txog cov kev zoo nkauj ntawm Lavxias teb sab xwm, hnov pej xeem cov nkauj, kawm lub neej thiab kev lis kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab nobility thiab Lavxias teb sab peasants.
thawj poetic creations ntawm Pushkin tau yug los ntawm no, thiab ntawm no nws tau mus xyuas thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm. nyuaj lub sij hawm ntawm nws lub neej. Legends kuj nyob hauv qhov chaw no: cov neeg hauv zos hu rau Golitsyn Palace "Lub Tsev ntawm Poj huab tais ntawm Spades", thiab koj tuaj yeem kawm qee yam txog txoj hmoo ntawm Ntxhais fuabtais Golitsyna, tus qauv ntawm cov laus suav nrog daim npav zais cia, ntawm no txij lub Cuaj Hli mus txog rau lub Plaub Hlis, cov suab paj nruag yav tsaus ntuj thiab concerts muaj. Zoo li Pushkin cov chaw, Zakharovo yuav tsum tau hais nyob ze Vyazyomy.
Hais txog lwm qhov chaw sau ntawv thiab paj huam:
- Muranovo yog ib qho "noble zes", uas peb muaj lub tswv yim ntawm cov phau ntawv thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab txog Russia nyob rau xyoo pua 19th. Muaj ntau lub npe sau npe zoo nyob rau hauv kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tsev neeg thiab txoj hmoo: Engelhardt, Baratynsky, Putyata, Gogol, Aksakov, Tyutchev. Tab sis txoj hmoo tau txiav txim siab tias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsev neeg ntawm tus kws sau paj huam Fyodor Tyutchev tau xaus rau hauv Muranovo thiab yog li ntawd lub tsev khaws puav pheej hu ua nws tau tshwm sim ntawm no;
- Melikhovo - A. P. Chekhov Literary thiab Memorial Tsev khaws puav pheej-Reserve. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej nthuav tawm muaj ntau dua 20 txhiab daim duab los ntawm cov kws kos duab, suav nrog I. Levitan, D. Polenov, P. Seregin - cov phooj ywg ntawm tus kws sau ntawv.
- Znamenskoye-Gubaylovo - nthuav tawm los ntawm thawj Lavxias teb sab tsar (tom qab Cov Teeb Meem Loj) Mikhail Romanov rau boyar Volynsky (cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Dmitry Donskoy tus phooj ywg-hauv-arms) hauv xyoo pua 16th. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, tus thawj coj Dolgoruky-Krymsky yog tus tswv cuab. Thiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam tau hloov mus rau hauv "cov ntaub ntawv zes" ntawm cov kws sau paj huam Lavxias. Cov ntoo ntawm lub tiaj ua si qub nco ntsoov V. Bryusov, K. Balmont thiab A. Bely;
- Peredelkino - tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tsim nyog cov lus cais. Qhov no yog "tus kws sau ntawv lub nroog" cuam tshuam nrog ntau lub npe tseem ceeb ntawm Soviet thiab Lavxias tus kws sau ntawv thiab kws sau paj huam. Niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv Peredelkino muaj ib lub tsev-tsev cia puav pheej ntawm K. Chukovsky, B. Pasternak, B. Okudzhava, lub tsev khaws puav pheej-gallery ntawm E. Yevtushenko. Nyob ze ntawm lub zos yog lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm tus Cawm Seej thiab Patriarchal Metochion - qhov chaw nyob ntawm Patriarch ntawm Moscow thiab Tag nrho Russia Kirill.
About Russian architecture
Lub tsev teev ntuj architecture occupies ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture. Tsis muaj kev nkag siab tob rau hauv thaj chaw no, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias lub tsev teev ntuj Lavxias niaj hnub tseem pom tau vim tias cov duab ntawm lub domes, "tsev pheeb suab" (ntau-sab) thaj chaw.tsim nyog suav nrog lub tsev teev ntuj, nws yog qhov nthuav heev kom pom thiab txaus siab tias pawg ntseeg tau ua li cas. Tau kawg, cov canons thiab "Lavxias teb sab" ntawm cov style tau khaws cia. Tab sis qhov nthuav ntau qhov sib txawv:
- hauv Dubrovitsy koj tuaj yeem pom qhov "baroque" tshaj plaws (los ntawm Baroque style) pawg ntseeg ntawm thaj av Moscow. Lub palace tau ua nyob rau hauv tib lub style, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tau rebuilt nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm classicism;
- Bykovo - nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm 2-storey tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. nto moo Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse V. Bazhenov thiab nws cov tub ntxhais kawm tau koom nrog. Lub manor palace tau ua nyob rau hauv tib style ntawm Masonic architecture. Ib tug cais lub tswb pej thuam (tus kws kes duab vajtse Tamansky) thiab lub vev xaib ntawm cov chaw ua si thiab ntau heevcov pas dej ua rau lub siab tsis nco qab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov-Autumn;
- Brattsevo yog ib lub tsev nyob hauv Moscow, qhov chaw ua si Askiv. Rau kev pib, koj tuaj yeem mus xyuas Moscow cov tsev: lub vaj vaj tsev ntawm Countess Stroganova, lub Koom Txoos ntawm Kev Sib Koom Tes, saib 2 lub vaj tse qub txeeg qub tes thiab 5 lub tsev vaj tse nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kis tau cov kev zoo nkauj thiab ntsuj plig ntawm vaj tse thiab vaj tse nyob ze Moscow. Thiab ces nws yuav yooj yim dua mus ncig Moscow.
Cov neeg nyiam thiab cov kws kos duab Lavxias
Patronage (patronage to the development of science and art) originated nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. thiab vam meej nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Cov ntawv sau zoo nkauj ntawm Lavxias thiab Western European kos duab, sau cov phau ntawv tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv lub tebchaws thiab lub nroog palaces.
Yog li ntawd, ntau thaj chaw thiab vaj tsev ntawm thaj av Moscow tau paub ua tsaug rau lawv cov neeg txhawb nqa, txawm hais tias, ib txwm muaj, muaj. Tsis muaj qhov tsis meej pem hauv keeb kwm, tab sis muaj ntau qhov kev sib tshuam. Tus tswv ntawm Abramtsevo yog tus kws sau ntawv S. Aksakov ("The Scarlet Flower"), nws cov phooj ywg - Gogol, Turgenev, Tyutchev - tuaj xyuas ntawm no.
Thaum nyob rau 2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Cov kws ua lag luam thiab cov neeg pab nyiaj txiag S. Morozov tau los ua tus tswv ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam, cov kws ua yeeb yam M. Vrubel, V. Vasnetsov, D. Polenov, I. Repin, V. Serov nquag ua haujlwm ntawm no. Nws nyob ntawm no tias lub voj voog Abramtsevo tau yug los - ib lub koom haum ua yeeb yam thiab muaj tswv yim uas tau teeb tsa ua nws txoj haujlwm txhim kho kev kos duab hauv tebchaws Lavxias. Tom qab 1917 kiv puag ncig, cov kev coj noj coj ua tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm I. Grabar,P. Konchalovsky, V. Mukhina. Thiab niaj hnub no, lub tsev khaws puav pheej nthuav tawm ntawm Abramtsevo muaj ntau dua 25 txhiab qhov khoom pov thawj: duab, duab, duab puab, ua yeeb yam thiab khoom siv tes ua thiab pej xeem kos duab.
Lwm yam, tej zaum feem ntau, feem ntau…
Kuj tsim nyog hais txog yog thaj chaw ntawm thaj av Moscow, qhib rau pej xeem:
- Arkhangelskoye yog ib qho ntawm cov vaj tse muaj sia nyob los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, suav nrog kev tsim vaj tsev thiab chaw ua si hauv cov style ntawm classicism. Thiab cov kos duab collections ntawm qub tswv Odoevsky, Golitsyn, Yusupov los ua lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug nplua nuj tsev cia puav pheej exhibition;
- Kuskovo yog cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Sheremetevs. Lub Palace, lub tsev Italian, Dutch lub tsev, Grotto tau khaws cia. Lub Xeev Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Ceramics nyob ntawm thaj av;
- Klin yog qhov chaw cuam tshuam nrog xyoo kawg ntawm lub neej ntawm tus kws sau nkauj P. Tchaikovsky. Niaj hnub no muaj ib lub tsev-tsev cia puav pheej uas rov tsim cov huab cua ntawm kev muaj tswv yim, lub neej thiab lub neej ntawm tus kws ntaus nkauj zoo.
Txoj kev tu siab… (tab sis tsis yog)
Ntau lub vaj tse thiab vaj tse nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev lwj. Cov laj thawj uas tso tseg cov vaj tse nyob hauv cheeb tsam Moscow muaj qhov chaw nyob yog qhov tsis muaj tswv, tsis muaj kev txaus siab ntawm cov tswv, siv cov tsev rau lwm lub hom phiaj. Sober-keeb kwm views ntawm qhov teeb meem hais tias:
- Lub neej thiab kev vam meej ntawm vaj tse thiab vaj tse yog ib yam ntawm yav dhau los nrog rau xyoo pua 19.
- Cov xwm txheej puas tsuaj tau tshwm sim hauv lub neej ntawm Russia nyob rau xyoo pua 20th kom pib kho txhua yam txuas nrog keeb kwm yav dhau los sai sai.
- Tab sis muajkev nkag siab tias qhov no yog yav dhau los, uas koj yuav tsum paub txog thiab yuav tsum tau khaws cia, uas txhais tau hais tias tsis ntev los yog tom qab cov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim kho thiab kev tsim kho yuav raug daws, thiab cov vaj tse uas tau tso tseg ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow yuav zoo siab rau peb nrog lawv cov kev zoo nkauj.
Thiab tom qab:
- Dugino yog qhov chaw cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th lig. - thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, thiab tam sim no tsuas yog lub tsev kho mob, tuaj yeem dhau los ua ib lub tsev khaws khoom kos duab;
- Marfino - yav dhau los tub rog sanatorium, nrog tseem khaws cia cov duab puab griffins, lub pas dej thiab lub tiaj ua si, yuav tig mus rau hauv qhov chaw zoo nkauj;
- tib yam Bykovo - yuav tsum maj mam tsoo.
cheeb tsam Moscow hauv thaj chaw cov ntaub ntawv
Muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog thaj av ntawm thaj av Moscow, qhib rau pej xeem. Nws yog muaj nyob rau hauv pej xeem, thiab koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm thaj av, tsev, tsev teev ntuj, cov chaw ua si zoo nkauj, thiab yog li nrhiav tau rau koj tus kheej ib qho chaw cuam tshuam nrog cov xwm txheej keeb kwm, kev sau ntawv thiab kos duab. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, kev tshawb fawb ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Natalya Bondareva tsuas yog priceless. Nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, ib tug yuav nrhiav tau cov lus piav qhia ntawm yuav luag 300 vaj tse, vaj tse, tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Moscow, cheeb tsam Moscow thiab cov cheeb tsam nyob ze.
Natalya Bondareva tau ua txoj hauj lwm no txij li thaum 1996 thiab, tsis muaj tsis ntseeg, tsim nyog cov lus ua tsaug thiab txaus siab rau qhov nws ua rau nws cov neeg kawm tiav thiab cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv yav tom ntej, piav qhia txog thaj av ntawm thaj av Moscow, cov duab uas tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw qhib. Leej twg tuaj yeem nthuav lawv txoj kev paub hauv thaj chaw no. Tab sis tseem ceeb uas cov neeg zoo li no tsis nyob ib leeg hnub no, txhais tau tias txoj kev mus rau yav dhau los, thiab dhau mus - mus rau yav tom ntej tsis yog.kaw.
