Cave nroog ntawm Chufut-Kale: duab, tshuaj xyuas, qhov chaw

2024 Tus sau: Harold Hamphrey | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:14

Lub nroog qhov tsua ntawm Chufut-Kale invariably nyiam cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi. Vim li cas nws thiaj nthuav? Nyob qhov twg? Dab tsi legends cuam tshuam nrog nws? Peb yuav tham txog qhov no thiab ntau ntxiv hauv kab lus no.

Nws nyob qhov twg?

Chufut-Kale nyob qhov twg? Lub nroog qhov tsua yog nyob rau ntawm Crimean ceg av qab teb hauv cheeb tsam Bakhchisarai. Lub nroog ze tshaj plaws (Bakhchisaray) yog li 2.5-3 mais deb. Lub nroog-fortress yog nyob rau ntawm ib tug siab, ntxhab roob toj siab nyob rau hauv ib tug spur ntawm lub sab hauv Crimean Roob, uas yog surrounded los ntawm peb lub hav tob.

Chufut-Kale yog lub nroog qhov tsua uas nws qhov chaw nyob tsis tuaj yeem pom ntawm ib daim ntawv qhia. Qhov chaw nyob hauv phau ntawv qhia yog kwv yees: Bakhchisaray koog tsev kawm ntawv, Crimean ceg av qab teb.

Yuav kom tsis txhob yuam kev, mus rau lub qhov tsua ntawm lub nroog Chufut-Kale, txoj haujlwm rau GPS navigators yog raws li nram no: N 44°44'27" E 33°55'28".

Yuav mus li cas?

Ib nqe lus nug uas tshwm sim rau cov neeg uas xav mus xyuas lub nroog qhov tsua Chufut-Kale yog li cas thiaj mus txog? Muaj ob txoj kev xaiv: mus los ntawm pej xeem thauj mus rau qhov kawg nres "Staroselye" (Bakhchisaray) thiab tom qab ntawd ua raws cov paib rau lub fortress ntawm ko taw lossis mus rau Chufut-Kale hauvraws li ib feem ntawm pawg neeg ncig tebchaws (qhov kev xaiv no yog xaiv los ntawm cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi feem ntau so hauv cov chaw so ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab qab teb ntawm Crimean Peninsula).

Cave npe variations

Lub nroog qhov tsua tau hloov nws lub npe ntau dua ib zaug dhau nws keeb kwm ntev.

Raws li ib qho version, thawj lub npe ntawm lub nroog yog Fulla. Ib qho kev daws teeb meem nrog lub npe no tau hais ntau zaus hauv keeb kwm ntawm 1st-2nd centuries ntawm peb lub sijhawm, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab raws nraim qhov chaw nyob.

Txij thaum xyoo pua 13th, cov peev txheej tau xa mus rau lub nroog no li Kyrk-Or (tseem muaj qhov txawv ntawm Kyrk-Er), uas txhais tau tias "plaub caug fortifications". Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm kav ntawm Crimean Khan, ib tug tuaj yeem hla lub npe Gevher-Kermen (txhais tau tias "fortress of jewels"), lub npe no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias Tatar ulema tau dai kom zoo nkauj txhua lub rooj vag, phab ntsa thiab rooj vag. lub tsev fuabtais nrog pob zeb muaj nuj nqis.

Nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, lub citadel tau pauv mus rau cov Karaites thiab tau txais lub npe tshiab - Kale. Txhais los ntawm cov lus Crimean ntawm cov lus Karaite, "kale" ("kala") txhais tau tias "cib ntsa, fortification, fortress."

Tom qab kev koom ua ke ntawm Crimean ceg av qab teb rau Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Kale tau hloov mus rau hauv lub qhov tsua ntawm Chufut-Kale, uas txhais los ntawm cov lus Crimean Tatar txhais tau tias "Jewish" lossis "Jewish" fortress (çufut - Jew, Jew; qale - fortress). Lub npe ntawm lub fortress no tau muab los ntawm cov tub lag luam uas tuaj ntawm no rau ntau yam kev xav tau, maj mam lub npe Chufut-Kale los ua nom, nws yog siv hauv kev tshawb fawb. Cov kws tshawb fawb hauv Soviet thiab hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Karaite sau los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th mus txog rau xyoo 1991.

Txij li xyoo 1991, cov thawj coj ntawm Crimean ntawm Karaites tau hloov lub npe lub qhov tsua lub nroog-fortress Chufut-Kale mus rau Juft-Kale (los txhais ua ib khub lossis ob lub fortress), tab sis qhov kev hloov npe no tsis raug cai.

Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm

Muaj ntau yam hais txog kev tsim lub nroog qhov tsua. Raws li ib tug ntawm lawv, thawj qhov chaw nyob ntawm no tau tsim los ntawm Sarmatians thiab Alans nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 4th AD. Raws li qhov thib ob version, uas feem ntau cov kws tshawb fawb tau inclined, nyob rau hauv 550 (thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Byzantine huab tais Justinian), peb lub qhov tsua fortress nroog tau tsim los tiv thaiv txoj kev mus rau Chersonese: Chufut-Kale, Mangul-Kale thiab Eski -Kermen. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov zos no tsis suav nrog hauv cov lus cog tseg "Nyob Hauv Tsev", cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv tau dhau los ua qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev khawb av archaeological.

Impenetrable cliffs thiab siab pob zeb tsim los ntawm xwm tau framed los ntawm txiv neej nrog siab phab ntsa thiab fortifications. Lub citadel tau dhau los ua qhov chaw ruaj khov thiab muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo heev.

Fortress thaum lub sij hawm Crimean Khanate

Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, cov Kypchaks (zoo dua lub npe hu ua Cumans) tau txais kev tswj hwm ntawm lub fortress, renaming nws Kyrk-Er.

Hauv xyoo 1299, cov tub rog ntawm Emir Nogai tau tawm tsam lub fortress noTom qab ib tug ntev thiab tawv ncauj siege, lawv plundered, tsav tawm lub Sarmatian-Uhlans uas nyob rau hauv lub citadel. Cov Tatars hu ua lub qhov tsua kov yeej lub nroog Kyrk-Or.

Nyob rau hauv lub 13th-14th centuries (thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Khan Jani-Bek), ib tug ntawm cov garrions ntawm lub Crimean ulus, uas tawg tawm ntawm lub Golden Horde, nyob ntawm no.

Lub nroog qhov tsua ntawm Chufut-Kale tau txais kev loj hlob sai thiab kev loj hlob nyob rau xyoo pua 15th. Yog vim li cas rau xws li ib tug ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub citadel yog hais tias Kyrk-los yog thawj lub peev ntawm lub Crimean Khanate. Khan Hadji-Girey tau teeb tsa nws lub tsev nyob ntawm no tom qab nws kov yeej tus tswv ntawm Kirk-lossis Khanate Eminek-bey. Hadji Giray tau los ua tus tsim ntawm tag nrho cov dynasty ntawm Crimean rulers. Thaum lub sij hawm nws kav, ib tug Khan lub palace tau ua nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub fortress, ib tug madrasah tau tsim, thiab lub mosque ua nyob rau hauv Janibek tau nthuav. Muaj kev xav tias nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo ntawm lub reign ntawm Khan Haji Giray, ib tug mint kuj tau tsim, qhov twg cov nyiaj npib nrog cov inscription "Kyrk-Or" tau luam tawm (qhov seem ntawm lub tsev no tau pom nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub fortress. los ntawm archaeologists).

keeb kwm ntawm lub fortress tom qab deprivation ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm lub peev

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, Khan Mengli Giray tau hais kom tsim ib lub tsev tshiab nyob rau hauv S alt Marshes thiab tsiv lub Khan lub tsev nyob rau ntawd. Lub fortress tau muab rau cov Karaites thiab renamed Kale, thiab tom qab ntawd tau txais nws lub npe kawg - Chufut-Kale. Cov Karaites tau nce thaj tsam ntawm Chufut-Kale los ntawm yuav luag 2 zaug vim qhov kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv txuas rau sab hnub tuaj, tom qab uas tsim kev lag luam thiab khoom siv tes ua.

Ib phab ntsa qub ua los ntawm pob zeb lojcov duab plaub thiab fastened nrog txiv qaub mortar, tam sim no tau dhau los ua qhov nruab nrab, faib cov toj siab mus rau sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob, txhua tus tuaj yeem tuav kev tiv thaiv ywj pheej. Yog li, lwm lub npe rau lub fortress tshwm sim - Juft-Kale (chaw los yog ob lub fortress). Muaj ib tug kwj deg dav tau khawb rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub citadel, ua tsis tau tejyam rau battering rams, thiab footbridges raug pov hla nws.

Keeb kwm txij li koom nrog tebchaws Russia

Thaum lub sijhawm kav tus ntxhais xeeb ntxwv ntawm Peter I Anna Ioannovna, cov tub rog Lavxias tau ntes Bakhchisaray thiab rhuav tshem Chufut-Kale. Tom qab kev koom ua ke ntawm Crimea rau Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, los ntawm txoj cai ntawm Empress, kev txwv ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm Krymchaks thiab Karaites raug tshem tawm, ntau tus tawm ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub citadel, tsuas yog ib qho me me Armenian zej zog thiab ib feem ntawm Karaites tseem nyob ntawm no, leej twg tsis xav tso txoj sia tseg.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, tag nrho cov neeg nyob hauv Chufut-Kale, tsuas yog tus neeg saib xyuas tsev neeg tseem nyob ntawm no. Cov neeg nyob kawg ntawm lub citadel, tus naas ej Karaite kws tshawb fawb, tus sau ntawm ntau yam scientific tej hauj lwm AS Firkovich, tshuav nws phab ntsa nyob rau hauv 1874.

Tiv thaiv tus nqi ntawm lub fortress

Tus nqi tseem ceeb ntawm Chufut-Kale yog kev tiv thaiv. Ntxiv nrog rau cov phab ntsa uas muaj zog thiab cov moat dav, ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb tau ua nyob ntawm no. Txoj kev mus rau lub fortress hla los ntawm lub Assumption Monastery, uas muaj ib tug qhov chaw ntawm cov dej haus, raws li lub Mariam-Dere beam, ces nws nce toj siab - dhau lub toj ntxas - mus rau sab qab teb (me) rooj vag. Cov rooj vag no tau ua raws lintxiab: lawv tsis tuaj yeem pom kom txog thaum koj mus ze lawv. Feem ntau, yuav muaj ib lub rooj vag ntawm no, vim cov ntoo qhib qhov rooj tseem nyob ntawm phab ntsa ze ntawm lub rooj vag.

Txoj kev mus rau lub nroog qhov tsua Chufut-Kale mus raws txoj kev nqes hav ntawm lub kwj ha zoo li cov yeeb ncuab raug yuam kom nce mus rau lub citadel, tig mus nrog lawv txoj cai, tiv thaiv tsawg kawg, sab (cov ntaub thaiv npog tau nqa ntawm sab laug tes, thiab riam phom nyob rau sab xis). Thaum lub sij hawm nce toj, cov yeeb ncuab tau tawm tsam los ntawm xub, uas tau da dej rau lawv los ntawm qhov chaw tshwj xeeb hauv cov phab ntsa los ntawm cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm lub fortress. Nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua rau khob tawm lub rooj vag nrog ib tug battering ram: muaj ib txoj kev nqes hav nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lawv, thiab ib tug maj mam txoj kev nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub rooj vag ua ib tug ntse tig. Tab sis txawm hais tias tus yeeb ncuab nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov rooj, lwm lub cuab yeej tos nws: cov tub rog uas tawm tsam lub nroog yuav tsum tau ua lawv txoj hauv kev ntawm txoj kev nqaim uas tshwj xeeb hauv pob zeb. Cov pob zeb poob rau ntawm lub taub hau ntawm cov neeg kov yeej, cov dej npau npau nchuav los ntawm cov ntoo ntoo, teem caij hla txoj kev, thiab cov archers, nkaum hauv qhov tsua, raug rho tawm haujlwm yam tsis nco qab.

Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, lub nroog tau tiv thaiv los ntawm phab ntsa siab thiab qhov dav dav nyob rau pem hauv ntej, thiab cov phab ntsa sab qab teb, sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub poob tsis xav tau kev tiv thaiv, vim hais tias lub toj siab ntawm ob sab no ua rau siab ntsoog, Tsuas yog cov neeg paub txog kev nce toj tuaj yeem nce ntawm no.

Architecture ntawm Chufut-Kale

Chufut-Kale yog lub nroog qhov tsua, daim duab uas, hmoov tsis, tsis tuaj yeem qhia nws lub zog qub. Tsuas yog ib feem ntawm lub qhov tsua thiab ob peb lub tsev ntawm Karaites tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no, feem ntau ntawm cov tuam tsev yog ruins.

Sab qab teblub complex ntawm lub qhov tsua qub, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv lossis kev sib ntaus sib tua, tau raug khaws cia zoo. Hauv qhov qub ntawm lub nroog, feem ntau ntawm cov qhov tsua tau tawg lawm, tab sis ob lub tsev tsim tawm tau muaj sia nyob. Cov no yog cov khoom siv dag zog loj uas sib cuam tshuam los ntawm lub pob zeb staircase carved rau hauv pob zeb. Piv txwv li, cov qhov tsua no tau raug siv los ua lub tsev loj cuj rau cov neeg raug kaw hauv tsev loj cuj uas tuaj yeem khaws cia ntawm no tau ntau xyoo (qhov kev xav yog nyob ntawm qhov seem ntawm cov tuav ntawm lub qhov rais hauv qab lub qhov tsua thiab cov ntawv sau ntawm Count Sheremetyev, uas tau siv sijhawm yuav luag 6 xyoo hauv Chufut- Kale raug kaw). Ib lub tsev nyob tau ua rau cov qhov tsua no nyob rau xyoo pua 17th.

Tsis deb ntawm lub qhov tsua, ib qho piv txwv zoo nkauj ntawm 15th-xyoo pua architecture tau raug khaws cia - lub tsev lojcuj ntawm Janike Khanym, uas nws lub npe cuam tshuam nrog ntau cov lus dab neeg. Raws li ib tug ntawm lawv, Janike nyob rau hauv lub palace ntawm ib sab ntawm lub barracks rau 1000 tub rog, nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj coj cov tub rog heroically tiv thaiv Chufut-Kale, tab sis Khanym tuag thaum lub sij hawm siege. Nws txiv Tokhtamysh Khan tau hais kom erection ntawm octagonal mausoleum ntawm qhov chaw ntawm nws tuag, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub siab portal thiab carved txhua. Nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm lub mausoleum, tseem muaj ib tug tombstone ntawm nto moo empress lub ntxa.

Karaite kenasses, nyob tsis deb ntawm lub tsev loj cuj, kuj tseem khaws cia zoo. Cov vaj tsev zoo li no, nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm qhib terraces nrog txhua kab thiab arches, ua haujlwm rau cov rooj sib tham dav dav, cov kev pabcuam tau tuav ntawm no thiab cov tsev hais plaub tau tswj hwm los ntawm cov txwj laus ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, lub tsev qiv ntawv dav dav ntawm cov ntawv sau thaum ub, sau los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb A. S. Firkovich, tau khaws cia rau hauv lub tsev me me kenassa.

NyobNyob rau hauv txoj kev nqaim ntawm lub nroog, lub log tsheb tau khaws cia, lawv qhov tob hauv qee qhov chaw ncav cuag 0.5 meters, lawv ua tim khawv rau ntau pua xyoo thiab lub neej nquag uas ib zaug boiled ntawm no.

Nws kuj tseem yuav txaus siab mus xyuas lub tsev ntawm cov neeg nyob kawg ntawm Chufut-Kale (A. S. Firkovich), dai saum pob tsuas. Koj tuaj yeem taug kev ncig cov kev tiv thaiv nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub fortress.

Cave nroog ntawm Chufut-Kale: tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov neeg ncig tebchaws

Cov neeg ncig tebchaws uas tau mus xyuas lub nroog fortress tau hais qhia kom mus ntawm no nrog cov lus qhia txog kev paub uas yuav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm qhov chaw tshwj xeeb no, qhia lub nroog qhov tsua ntawm Chufut-Kale hauv txhua lub yeeb koob. Ntawm qhov siab tshaj 550 meters, zoo nkauj monuments ntawm antiquity tau khaws cia, saib uas koj tsis tuaj yeem ntseeg tias tib neeg ib zaug nyob ntawm no. Feem ntau, saib cov qhov tsua no, tib neeg tsis ntseeg tias lawv tsis yog neeg nyob: ntawm no tag nrho cov "chaw nyob" cov tsev nyob saum av, thiab cov qhov tsua yog siv rau kev siv lossis hauv tsev.

Yuav pom dab tsi nyob ze?

Mus rau Chufut-Kale - lub nroog qhov tsua, cov duab uas yuav ua rau koj nco txog qhov kev mus ncig no tau ntau xyoo tom ntej - ntawm txoj kev rov qab los, koj yuav tsum nres ntawm Lub Tsev Dawb Huv Dormition Monastery, nrhiav tau hauv 8th. xyoo pua. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem venerate lub cim ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv, xaj kev pabcuam, thov Vajtswv lossis xa ntawv. Muaj ib qhov dej haus qab heev nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm lub tuam tsev.

Kuj tseem nco ntsoov mus xyuas Khan lub Palace zoo nkauj hauv Bakhchisarai, nrhiav tau nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. Lub palace zoo nkauj no zoo li kev kho kom zoo nkauj rau kev zoo nkauj orientaldab neeg dab neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub palace koj tuaj yeem paub txog yuav ua li cas cov khan nyob, mus saib lub tsev khaws puav pheej kos duab thiab kev nthuav qhia ntawm riam phom, thaij duab tawm tsam tom qab ntawm tus ciav dej uas hu los ntawm Pushkin.

Chufut-Kale yog ib qho ntawm ob peb lub nroog qhov tsua nyob hauv Crimea thiab yog qhov chaw mus xyuas tshaj plaws ntawm lawv. Lub qhov tsua thiab phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress, lub kenasses, lub mausoleum thiab txoj kev nqaim ntawm lub nroog ua pa keeb kwm thiab ancient, ua rau koj xav txog lub ntsiab lus thiab transience ntawm lub neej.