Hlau kem nyob rau hauv Delhi: keeb kwm, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm kem, qhov siab thiab amazing tiv thaiv corrosion

2024 Tus sau: Harold Hamphrey | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:14

Txoj Hlau hauv Delhi yog keeb kwm monument uas ntxim nyiam nrog kev paub tsis meej ntawm nws qhov kev tsim. Nws yog ua los ntawm hlau uas tsis muaj xeb txij li thaum nws siv - tshaj 1600 xyoo dhau los. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias kab yog nyob rau hauv qhib huab cua, nws tseem muaj zog, uas yog ib tug zoo heev kev pom zoo ntawm scientific thiab technical paub nyob rau hauv ancient Is Nrias teb. Tus ncej hlau yog ib qho ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev paub tsis meej tshaj plaws uas cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tab tom sim daws.

Koj tuaj yeem pom daim duab ntawm kab hlau hauv Delhi hauv peb tsab xov xwm.

Qhov chaw

Cov khoom piav qhia yog nyob rau sab nraud ntawm Quwwat-ul Islam mosque hauv Qutb complex, qhov chaw nto moo Qutb Minar minaret nyob, hauv Mehrauli archaeological complex hauv Delhi.

Iron kem majesticallynce mus rau qhov siab ntawm 24 ko taw (7.2 m). Ib thaj av qub yog tsim los ntawm 6 tons ntawm cov hlau uas yuav luag dawb huv.

tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg

Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm cov qauv tsis meej no tau ua cov tshuaj tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Xyoo 1961, cov hlau siv hauv kev tsim kho ntawm kem tau pom tias muaj qhov tshwj xeeb purity nrog cov ntsiab lus qis heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov hlau uas nws tau tsim tsis muaj leej faj lossis magnesium, tab sis suav nrog phosphorus. Hlau nws tus kheej suav txog li 99.4%. Ntawm cov impurities, phosphorus yog feem ntau (0.114%). Qhov feem ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide yog 0.08%, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm faib cov khoom raws li cov hlau tsis tshua muaj carbon. Lwm yam impurities tau nthuav tawm hauv cov khoom hauv qab no:

• silicon - 0.046%;
• nitrogen - 0.032%;
• sulfur - 0.006%.

Kev tshawb xav

Cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb fawb hauv kev sim los nthuav tawm cov lus zais ntawm tus ncej hlau hauv Delhi tau los txog ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab. Txhua qhov kev xav tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los piav qhia qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov qauv rau corrosion poob rau hauv ob pawg loj:

1. Cov khoom tseem ceeb (cov qauv no tau muab tso rau hauv feem ntau los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Indian).
2. Environmental factors (nyiam los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txawv teb chaws).

Nws ntseeg tau tias vim muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm phosphorus, txheej txheej tiv thaiv yog tsim rau saum npoo ntawm kem, uas, ntawm ib sab, tiv thaiv nws ntawm corrosion, ntawm qhov tod tes, ua rau hlau brittleness (qhov no yog pom meej hauvqhov chaw uas cov cannonball tsoo rau sab).

Raws li lwm tus kws tshawb fawb, huab cua hauv Delhi tiv thaiv xeb. Raws li lawv, lub ntsiab catalyst rau xeb yog noo noo. Delhi muaj huab cua qhuav nrog dej me ntsis. Nws cov ntsiab lus, feem ntau ntawm lub xyoo, tsis tshaj 70%. Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog vim li cas rau qhov tsis muaj corrosion.

Indian cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci Technology hauv Kanpur hauv xyoo 2002 tau ua kev tshawb fawb zoo. Lawv hais txog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv uas tsim los ntawm crystalline phosphate yog vim li cas rau qhov tsis muaj hlau corrosion. Cov txheej txheem ntawm nws tsim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ntub thiab qhuav mus. Qhov tseeb, qhov corrosion kuj ntawm cov qauv tshwj xeeb no yog vim nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab huab cua puag.

Ntxiv rau, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb Indian, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd cov kws ntaus hlau tsis muaj kev paub tshwj xeeb txog kev siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov hlau, thiab cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov hlau raug xaiv empirically.

Yog li, qhov kev xav no qhia tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua, qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm tus ncej hlau. Raws li kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb, peb yam no tau pom tias ua haujlwm ua ke los tsim cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv xeb ntawm tus ncej hlau hauv Delhi. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tsis dhau corrosion ntxiv. Ua tsaug rau cov cuab yeej no, kab hlau hauv Is Nrias teb tuaj yeem suav tias yog lwm qhov xav tsis thoob hauv ntiaj teb.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov peev xwm tiv thaiv corrosion tsis yog qhov tshwj xeeb rau qhov tshwj xeeb nocov qauv. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias lwm yam khoom loj hauv Is Nrias teb thaum ub muaj cov cuab yeej zoo sib xws. Cov no suav nrog cov ncej hlau ntawm Dhara, Mandu, Mount Abu, Kodohadri Hill thiab cov phom loj hlau qub. Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias cov kws ua hlau qub qub yog cov kws tshaj lij tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom hlau. Nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv phau ntawv journal Current Science, R. Balasubramaniam ntawm Indian Institute of Technology nyob rau hauv Kanpur tau hais tias tus ncej yog "ib tug ua pov thawj nyob rau hauv cov txuj ci ntawm metallurgists ntawm ancient Is Nrias teb."

Historical Preservation

Thaum ntxov, ntau tus neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi, tuav hauv kem, sim puag nws, koom tes nrog lawv. Nws ntseeg tias yog qhov no ua tiav, nws yuav ua rau muaj hmoo rau tus neeg.

Txawm li cas los xij, vim qhov kev cai nrov nrov no, qhov qis ntawm kab pib hloov nws cov xim los ntawm kev sib txhuam tas li. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, qhov kawg kov thiab txav ntawm cov neeg tuaj xyuas tshem tawm cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv uas tiv thaiv nws los ntawm corrosion. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj ntxiv rau qhov qis ntawm tus ncej hlau, ib lub laj kab me me tau muab tso rau hauv 1997.

Cov ntawv sau

Txawm hais tias muaj ntau daim ntawv sau rau ntawm tus ncej, qhov qub tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog 6 kab lus Sanskrit. Txij li thaum lub npe Chandra tau hais nyob rau hauv nqe thib peb, cov kws tshawb fawb tau muaj peev xwm los tsim cov kab ke mus rau kev kav Chandragupta II Vikramaditi (375-415 BC), King of the Gupta.

Tab sis hnub no nws nyob hauv Delhi. Cov kab no tau mus txog qhov twg, thiab nyob qhov twgqhov chaw qub - tseem raug kev sib cav tswv yim.

Riddles ntawm kab

Lub hom phiaj ntawm tus ncej hlau yog ib qho ntawm ntau qhov tsis paub meej ntawm keeb kwm. Ib txhia kws tshawb fawb hais tias qhov no yog ib tug flagpole ua rau tus huab tais hais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv sau. Lwm tus hais tias nws yog lub hnub ci hauv nws qhov chaw nyob hauv Madhya Pradesh.

Vim li cas cov kab ntawv xaus rau hauv lub nroog Is Nrias teb yog lwm qhov tsis meej ntawm cov qauv. Tsis muaj pov thawj tias leej twg tau txav mus los ntawm ib txhiab xyoo dhau los, nws tau tsiv li cas, lossis yog vim li cas nws thiaj li txav mus. Txhua yam uas tuaj yeem hais tau meej txog qhov nam ntawm tus ncej keeb kwm yog tias tus ncej hlau tsis meej tau ua ib feem ntawm toj roob hauv pes ntawm lub nroog Indian tau ntev heev.

Versions thiab conjectures

Keeb kwm ntawm tus ncej hlau hauv Delhi tseem tab tom tshawb fawb. Muaj ntau ntau versions ntawm nws keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias muaj ntau qhov kev xav, cov kws tshawb fawb twb muaj qee cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov qauv no.

Nyob rau xyoo 1838, ib tug Indian antiquarian deciphered txhua yam sau rau ntawm tus ncej hlau hauv Delhi. Cov ntawv sau tau raug muab txhais ua lus Askiv thiab luam tawm hauv Phau Ntawv Xov Xwm ntawm Asiatic Society of Bengal. Ua ntej ntawd, tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi tau paub txog tus ncej hlau.

Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, nws tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum ntxov ntawm kev kav Gupta (320-495 AD). Qhov kev txiav txim siab no tau ua raws li cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv sau rau ntawm tus ncej thiab peculiarities ntawm cov lus. Raws li twb tau hais lawm, nqe thib peb ntawm cov ntawv sauNyob rau ntawm tus ncej hlau, cov kws tshawb fawb pom tau hais txog lub npe Chandra, uas tsim cov thawj coj ntawm Gupta dynasty. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau qhov kev xav txog seb lo lus Chandra hais txog King Samudragupta (340-375) lossis Chandragupta II (375-415), leej twg yog tus tub ntawm King Samudragupta. Nws tseem ntseeg tau tias cov ntawv sau tuaj yeem xa mus rau Hindu Vajtswv Vishnu.

Tseem muaj ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm kev xav txog qhov twg tus ncej tau forged. Raws li ib qho ntawm cov kev xav tseem ceeb, tus ncej hlau tau tsim nyob rau saum toj ntawm Udaigiri toj hauv Madhya Pradesh, los ntawm qhov uas nws tau coj mus rau Delhi los ntawm King Iltutmish (1210-36) tom qab nws yeej.

Raws li lwm tus kws tshawb fawb, tus ncej hlau tau txav thiab ntsia hauv lub tuam tsev loj ntawm Lal Kot (lub nroog qub ntawm Delhi) los ntawm King Anangpal II hauv 1050 AD. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1191, thaum huab tais Prithviraj Chauhan, tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm Anangpal, raug tua los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Muhammad Ghori, Qutb-ud-din Aibak ua lub tsev teev ntuj Kuvwat-ul-Islam hauv Lal Kot. Tom qab ntawd lub kem tau tsiv tawm ntawm nws qhov chaw qub mus rau nws qhov chaw tam sim no nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub mosque.

Architecture ntawm tus ncej hlau hauv Is Nrias teb

Cov qauv muab tso rau ntawm lub hauv paus dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab kos duab. Ib feem ntawm kab, txog 1.1 meters, yog nyob rau hauv av. Lub hauv paus rests ntawm ib tug lattice ntawm hlau rods soldered nrog txhuas. Ib txheej paving pob zeb tau muab tso rau saum nws.

Qhov siab ntawm kab hlau nce mus txog xya meters. Hauv qab txoj kab uas hla ntawm tus ncej yog 420 hli (17 nyob rau hauv) thiab nws sab saum toj txoj kab uas hla yog 306 hli (12 nyob rau hauv). Kem hnyav tshaj 5865 kg. Nws sab saum toj kuj yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog carvings. Muaj cov ntawv sau rau ntawm lub rooj hlau. Ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj qhov qhia tsis meej txog nws keeb kwm.

Cov neeg tshawb nrhiav pom tias kab ke yog tsim los ntawm molding thiab forging thiab welding los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj txhuam zoo li hlau hnyav li 20-30 kg. Rauj cov cim tseem pom nyob rau saum npoo ntawm tus ncej. Nws kuj tau tshaj tawm tias muaj li ntawm 120 tus neeg ua haujlwm tau ob peb lub lis piam tsim kab ntawv no.

Kev sim ua kom puas tsuaj

Ntawm qhov siab li ntawm plaub metres hauv av, muaj kev ntxhov siab nyob rau saum npoo ntawm kab. Qhov kev puas tsuaj tau hais tias tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev tua phom phom ntawm qhov ze.

Raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm, Nadir Shah tau hais kom rhuav tshem cov kab hlau thaum nws tawm tsam xyoo 1739. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, nws xav ua qhov no txhawm rau txhawm rau nrhiav nyiaj kub lossis nyiaj kub. Qhov twg tus invader xav yuav muab zais rau sab saum toj ntawm tus ncej.

Raws li lwm tus version, lawv xav rhuav tshem cov kem ua tus ncej hauv tuam tsev Hindu, uas tsis muaj chaw nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Muslim complex. Txawm li cas los xij, tus ncej hlau hauv Delhi tsis tuaj yeem rhuav tshem.