Underwater archaeology: piav qhia, pom, tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov tsev khaws puav pheej, tshuaj xyuas

2024 Tus sau: Harold Hamphrey | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:14

Lub ntiaj teb hauv qab dej yog qhov tsis meej thiab khaws ntau qhov zais cia hauv qhov tob. Tib neeg yuav ib txwm siv zog nrhiav lawv. Cov dab neeg ntawm Atlantis ua rau cov neeg npau suav thiab cov neeg tshawb nrhiav tsaug zog. Lub lithosphere nyob rau hauv qhov kev txav mus tas li, nrog kev hloov pauv hauv lub ntiaj teb daim tawv nqaij, tag nrho cov nroog thiab cov Islands tuaj tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv hiav txwv. Underwater archaeology yog kev kawm txog keeb kwm hauv qab dej. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev khawb hauv qab dej yog tib yam li lwm cov kev tshawb fawb archaeological - qhov no yog kev tshawb nrhiav cov khoom qub qub uas tuaj yeem muab lub tswv yim ntawm kab lis kev cai, lub neej, kab lis kev cai, architecture ntawm cov neeg uas nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam.

Dab tsi yog kev khawb hauv qab dej?

Underwater archaeology (hydroarchaeology) yog ib tug hluas science uas kawm underwater relics. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm thaj av archaeology yog qhov chaw kawm: hiav txwv, dej hiav txwv, pas dej thiab dej ntws. Cov xwm txheej nyob rau hauv uas archaeologists yuav tsum tau ua hauj lwm tsis tsuas yog nyuaj, tab sis kujtxaus ntshai. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev immersion ntawm ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv dej nrog scuba iav tau ua tau me ntsis ntau tshaj li ib nrab xyoo dhau los. Txawm tias nrog scuba iav, ib tug neeg tsis tuaj yeem dhia dej tob txaus thiab nyob hauv dej rau lub sijhawm ntev. Nws tsis yog qhov txawv uas yuav tsum tau khawb hauv qhov chaw nyuaj mus txog, ua qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws dives.

Kev Kawm

Thaum nws muaj nyob, ob lub ntsiab dej ntws tau tsim hauv hydroarchaeology:

• navigation archaeology, uas cuam tshuam txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev kawm sunken ships, lawv tsim, kab lis kev cai cargo thiab tib neeg kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm dej expanses;
• archeology ntawm lub nroog sunken; ceg no yog koom nrog txoj kev kawm txog tib neeg txoj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb vim yog ntuj tsim los yog kev puas tsuaj, lawv kab lis kev cai, lub neej, kab lis kev cai.

Kev piav qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem khawb

Kev khawb hauv qab dej archaeological muaj ob peb theem:

• Kev txawj ntse. Cov theem no muaj nyob rau hauv kev sau cov kev paub uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ib qho kev xav txog qhov chaw ntawm artifacts. Qhov no yog ua raws li kev tshawb fawb hydrological ntawm thaj chaw dej hauv qhov chaw excavation thiab tau txais tag nrho cov ntawv tso cai tsim nyog. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos txog qhov seem ntawm cov nroog lossis cov nkoj qub. Underwater archaeology pib nrog kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm txhua qhov peev txheej: qhov ncauj, sau, kawm ntawm thaj chaw.
• tshawb nrhiav kab kos. Lawv feem ntau yog siv rau cov khoom nyob deb ntawm kev kawm. Yog qhov chaw excavationNtau tshaj 200 meters los ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv ntawm thaj chaw siv cov cuab yeej soj ntsuam hauv qab dej, laser lossis infrared saib xyuas cov txheej txheem ntawm seabed.
• Kawm. Yav dhau los, thaum lub sij hawm yug me nyuam ntawm archaeological excavations, cov khoom thiab cov khoom thiab kev coj noj coj ua qhov tseem ceeb khaws cia nyob rau hauv qab yog random coj los rau ntawm ntug dej, thiab lawv cov kev kawm ntxiv mus nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam. Niaj hnub no, txoj hauv kev rau kev khawb av tau hloov pauv. Ua ntej kev rho tawm cov khoom qub, ib daim ntawv qhia ntxaws txog lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv qab yog kos. Qhov no yuav muab cov lus qhia ntxiv rau cov kws tshawb fawb.
• Txoj kev muaj nuj nqis. Saum toj no hauv daim duab yog underwater archaeology nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim: divers tab tom tsa artifacts hauv qab.

History

Cov lus zais ntawm lub nroog thiab cov nkoj uas tau poob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm hiav txwv tau haunting lub siab ntawm tib neeg rau ntau pua xyoo. Thawj qhov kev sim mus tshawb nrhiav cov dej hiav txwv tau ua ntev dhau los. Kev hais txog kev dhia dej rau cov khoom muaj nqis hauv qab dej tuaj yeem pom hauv Renaissance. Thaum lub sij hawm no, lub ntiaj teb archaeology pib nws tsim raws li kev tshawb fawb, nrog rau nws, thawj zaug ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav hauv qab dej tshwm sim. Nws paub tias nyob rau hauv 1446 L. Alberti tau nyiam cov neeg dhia dej mus tsa cov khoom muaj nqis los ntawm cov nkoj uas tau poob ntawm lub tebchaws Roman los ntawm Lake Nemi (ze Rome).

keeb kwm ntawm niaj hnub hydroarchaeology pib tsis ntev los no. Qhov tseeb, thawj qhov kev khawb hauv qab dej archaeological tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Greek tub rog ntawm lub nkoj uas ntog ze ntawm cov kob. Antikythera nyob ib ncig ntawm thawj xyoo pua BC. Nyob rau hauv 1901, cov artifacts tau tsa rau saum npoo, ntawm lawv yog cov tsis muaj nqi ntawm kos duab. Tus kws tshawb nrhiav nto moo Jacques Yves Cousteau hu ua qhov kev tshwm sim no yug ntawm underwater archaeology, thiab nws hu ua Mediterranean Hiav Txwv lub txaj ntawm kev tshawb fawb.

Tom qab kev tsim khoom ntawm scuba iav, keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav hauv qab dej tau tsim sai heev. Niaj hnub no, muaj ntau lub tsev khaws puav pheej loj ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv qab dej.

Nrhiav

Nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kev kwv yees qhov kev koom tes ntawm kev khawb hauv qab dej rau kev kawm txog tib neeg keeb kwm, ntau qhov kev pom tsis yog ntawm keeb kwm nkaus xwb tab sis kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig rau tib neeg. Ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws pom ntawm underwater archaeology yog:

"Cleopatra's Palace" hauv Egypt. Nws yog lub ruins ntawm ib lub tsev qub. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, lub tsev no yog lub palace ntawm Cleopatra nto moo, uas tau mus rau hauv dej vim muaj av qeeg muaj zog uas tshwm sim ntau dua 1,5 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Ob tug mlom nyob rau hauv lub palace (tus pej thuam ntawm Ptolemy XII thiab Sphinx) raug coj mus rau saum npoo rau kev kawm, tab sis tom qab ntawd rov qab los hauv dej ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Egyptian tub ceev xwm, uas npaj yuav tsim ib lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv qab dej ntawm qhov chaw

• Bronze daim duab "Apollo los ntawm Piombino", nrhiav pom hauv Tuscany. Nws yog ib tug monument ntawm lig archaic kab lis kev cai, yos rov qab mus rau 500 BC. Muab tso rau hauv Louvre Tsev khaws puav pheej, Paris.
• "Puab ntawm ib tug bearded vajtswv" (tej zaum Poseidon los yog Zeus), pom ntawm Cape Artemision (Aegean Hiav Txwv)underwater divers. Lub bronze monument ntawm ancient kab lis kev cai yog zoo kawg nkaus khaws cia thiab hnub rov qab mus rau 450 BC. Tus pej thuam tau tso rau ntawm "National Archaeological Museum" hauv Athens.

"Tiber Apollo" - cov duab puab marble pom nyob rau hauv Tiber River. Cov kws tshawb fawb pom zoo tias daim duab ntawm Apollo yog cov haujlwm ntawm ib tus kws kos duab nto moo thaum ub, tab sis txhais tes ntawm tus tswv haujlwm tshwj xeeb yog tseem muaj kev sib cav

Tshawb Lub Nroog Ancient

Kev tshawb fawb hauv qab dej ntawm cov chaw qub txeeg qub teg nyob hauv qhov chaw tshwj xeeb hauv hydroarchaeology. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, tej zaum kuj muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tag nrho cov nroog uas tau sunk rau hauv qab hiav txwv dej vim yog kev puas tsuaj ntuj tsim. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv no thiab lwm qhov chaw, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem hais qhia qhov chaw nyob ntawm qhov chaw qub, tom qab ntawd kev kawm hauv qab dej ntawm thaj chaw tau ua tiav. Thiab nyob rau hauv ib puas xyoo dhau los, ob peb qhov chaw loj loj tau pom tias tau poob mus rau hauv qab. Koj tuaj yeem pom qee qhov pom hauv daim video no.

• Port Royal. Lub qub peev ntawm Jamaica, lub npe hu ua Sin City ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Tshiab, tau poob rau hauv qab ntawm Kingston Harbor hauv ib qho teeb meem ntawm lub Rau Hli 1692. Qhov av qeeg muaj zog tshaj plaws tau tawg tawm ntawm thaj av loj, uas tau mus rau hauv dej tag nrho nrog rau tag nrho nws cov neeg nyob hauv thiab cov tsev. Kev tshawb nrhiav hauv qab dej ntawm Port Royal pib xyoo 1981. Yog li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb tau txais txog lub neej ntawm lub nroog colonial ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, lub neej ntawm nws cov neeg nyob. Cov kws tshawb fawb koom nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom qub tau xav tsis thoob tias cov organic nrhiav tau khaws cia zoo npaum li cas.
• Temple complex hauv Mahabalipuram (India). Raws li cov lus dab neeg, lub complex ntawm xya lub tuam tsev tau tsim los ntawm Paplava dynasty, tab sis rau qee yam vim li cas rau thiab xya lub tuam tsev mus rau hauv dej. Tsuas yog ib tug tseem nyob ntawm ntug hiav txwv. Txog rau tam sim no, tsis muaj pov thawj rau qhov no. Tab sis raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm underwater archaeological excavations ua nyob rau hauv 2002, ruins thiab ancient masonry twb nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv dej, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus xav hais tias cov no yog lub ruins ntawm lub nto moo xya lub tuam tsev.
• Pavlopetri nroog hauv tebchaws Greece. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, lub nroog belongs rau lub sijhawm Mycenaean keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv qab, tsis tsuas yog architectural lug, xws li cov tsev los yog lub tshav puam, tab sis kuj muaj ntau tshaj li 35 faus. Txawm hais tias lub nroog tau tshawb pom hauv xyoo 1968, tsoomfwv Greek tau tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb tsuas yog xyoo 2008. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tuaj yeem piav qhia tag nrho cov seem ntawm lub nroog. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem saib tshiab ntawm lub neej thiab lub neej ntawm tib neeg lub sijhawm ntawd.

Lus museums

Tam sim no tsuas muaj ob peb lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv qab dej hauv ntiaj teb. Txij li qhov kev tshawb fawb no tseem hluas thiab nyuam qhuav pib txhim kho, tus naj npawb ntawm kev tshawb pom tsis ib txwm tso cai rau kev nthuav tawm tag nrho. Ntau lub tsev cia puav pheej txwv lawv tus kheej kom nthuav tawm cov kev tshawb pom hauv qab dej ua ib feem ntawm lwm cov khoom sau.

Lub tsev khaws puav pheej loj tshaj plaws thiab nthuav tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv qab dej mus xyuas:

• Mizgaga Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Kibbutz Nakhsholim (Israel);
• National Museum ARQUA hauv Cartagena (Spain);
• Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Underwater Archaeology ntawm Feodosiya hauv Crimea (Russia);
• museum of shipwrecks in the city of Kronstadt (Russia);
• Bodrum Underwater Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Bodrum (Turkey).

Xyoo 2013, nws tau paub tias tsoomfwv Greek tau pom zoo rau txoj haujlwm qhib lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm cov khoom qub qab dej hauv qab. Lub tswv yim tau pib los ntawm Council of Underwater Antiquities of Greece. Nws yog assumed tias nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub qub silo nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Piraeus (ib lub tsev ntawm txog 6.5 txhiab m2 2) txog 2 txhiab khoom pov thawj tau tsa rau saum npoo ntawm qab ntawm lub Mediterranean., Ionian thiab Aegean hiav txwv yuav nthuav tawm.

Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Bodrum

Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Underwater Archaeology hauv Bodrum (Turkey) yog lub npe nrov thoob ntiaj teb rau nws cov khoom loj thiab kev coj noj coj ua tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom tshawb pom.

Raws li ib feem ntawm qhov project, archaeological pom muaj feem xyuam rau lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm lub neej ntawm kev sib hais haum tau nthuav tawm, ntxiv rau, koj tuaj yeem paub txog cov seem ntawm cov nkoj qub thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej nws tus kheej nyob hauv lub tsev ntawm St. Peter's Castle. Muaj rau qhov kev nthuav qhia mus tas li.

Thawj yam uas cov neeg ncig tebchaws yuav tsum tau mus xyuas yog Underwater Amphorae Park. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog, tab sis qee qhov ntawm cov av nplaum no tau tswj kom muaj sia nyob ntawm lub nkoj tawg thiab ncav cuag peb hnub. Tsis tas li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem pom ntau tus neeg siv kev tshuaj xyuas zoo txog kev nthuav tawm rau Carian ntxhais huab tais Ada. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej muaj tag nrho chav rau nws cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab khoom siv hauv tsev.

Tsis muaj paj tsawglub iav nrog shipwrecks kuj evokes, nyob rau hauv uas cov khoom pom nyob rau hauv qab nrog rau cov seem ntawm shipwrecked ships yog nthuav. Tab sis lub ntsiab attraction rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi yog lub lawj layout ntawm lub nkoj sunken, qhov twg koj tuaj yeem taug kev thiab hnov zoo li cov neeg qub qub. Yog tias koj xav tau, koj tuaj yeem saib cov ntaub ntawv sib tham thiab kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsa cov khoom qub rau saum npoo. Xyoo 2018, lub tsev khaws puav pheej tsuas tuaj yeem pom los ntawm sab nraud, vim nws raug kaw rau kev kho dua tshiab.

Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Kronstadt

Tsis muaj qhov sib piv rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm underwater archaeology hauv Kronstadt. Qhov no tsuas yog lub tsev khaws puav pheej shipwreck nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub qub tsev ntawm tus dej pej thuam. Outwardly, lub tsev zoo nkauj heev nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm classicism zoo li ib tug Gothic cathedral.

Cov khoom pov thawj tseem ceeb ntawm kev nthuav qhia tau sau rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej ua tsaug rau txoj haujlwm Lavxias Underwater Heritage. Cov neeg tuaj saib rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej uas tau tso tseg kev tshuaj xyuas hauv Is Taws Nem pom zoo kom tuaj xyuas. Muaj cov lus teb loj tshwj xeeb nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov seem ntawm Portsmouth, Svir, Archangel Raphael, Emblem thiab Gangut nkoj uas tau poob rau hauv hiav txwv B altic. Koj tuaj yeem pom tsis tau tsuas yog cov khoom ntawm cov nkoj, tab sis kuj lawv cov khoom thauj: phom, thauj tog rau nkoj, cannonballs thiab ntau ntxiv.

Lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau qhib nws lub qhov rooj rau cov neeg tuaj saib hauv xyoo 2009, thiab nws cov ntawv sau yuav txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv nrog rau kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb hauv qab dej hauv tebchaws Russia.

Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Feodosia

Ib lub tsev khaws puav pheej loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv qab dej nyob hauv Feodosia, ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub qub dacha ntawm Stamboli. Nws kuj yog ib cegBlack Sea Center rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb. Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom pov thawj ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau tsa los ntawm hauv qab ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem kawm txog lub neej thiab lub neej ntawm lub nroog qub ntawm Acre, hu ua Crimean Atlantis. Lub nroog mus nyob rau hauv dej nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 4th BC. Tab sis nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1982 ua tsaug rau kev tshawb pom ntawm ib tug tub kawm ntawv nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Dub.

Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv tsev cia puav pheej koj tuaj yeem pom qhov nthuav tawm ntawm lub nkoj sunken, kawm cov lus zais ntawm "Black Prince" thiab nkag mus rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb hauv qab dej hauv tebchaws Russia. Kev tshuaj xyuas txog kev mus xyuas lub tsev khaws puav pheej yog qhov zoo, cov neeg siv nco ntsoov tias kev ncig xyuas yuav nthuav dav rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus. Lub sijhawm lub sijhawm uas cov khoom pov thawj npog txawv ntawm lub sijhawm qub mus rau qhov pom los ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob.

Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Cartagena

Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej National ntawm Underwater Archaeology hauv Cartagena yog lub tsev khaws puav pheej uas tau mus xyuas ntau tshaj plaws rau kev tshawb nrhiav hauv qab dej hauv ntiaj teb. Nws lub qhov rooj qhib rau xyoo 1982, thiab txij thaum ntawd los lub exhibition tau hloov kho tas li nrog cov khoom pov thawj tshiab tau tsa los ntawm qab ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Cartagena.

Cov khoom pov thawj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog suav tias yog lub nkoj Phoenician thaum ub thiab cov pob txha rov qab los ntawm lub nkoj ua lag luam sunken, thiab nthuav tawm los ntawm Mare Ibericum sau, uas ua tim khawv rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam no.