Solovetsky Island thiab nws qhov kev pom. Yuav ua li cas mus rau Solovetsky Islands, saib dab tsi

2024 Tus sau: Harold Hamphrey | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:14

Solovetsky Islands yog qhov chaw tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv ib tug me me archipelago nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv dawb, ib tug tshwj xeeb natural, keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai complex complex, uas tsis muaj analogues nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab nplua nuj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw yog Solovetsky Island, uas nto moo Solovetsky Monastery tau ua hauj lwm rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo.

Nature

Cov Islands tuaj tau tshwm sim 9000 xyoo dhau los ntawm ib theem ntawm kev tsim ntawm Hiav Txwv Dawb, thaum tom qab melting ntawm ib tug loj glacier muaj ib tug compensatory uplift ntawm cov av. 2/3 ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub archipelago yog nyob ntawm Bolshoi Solovetsky Island.

Lub koog pov txwv nyob hauv thaj tsam taiga. Cov toj roob hauv pes ntawm cov Islands tuaj txawv txawv txawv thiab txawv: toj siab yog hloov los ntawm cov pas dej, paj paj meadows - swamps loj. 70% ntawm thaj chaw yog npog nrog hav zoov, feem ntau yog spruce thiab ntoo thuv. Kwv yees li 5% ntawm thaj chaw yog nyob los ntawm tundra complexes. Qhuav crowberry tundras yog yam ntxwv ntawmthaj tsam ntug dej hiav txwv, qhov twg lawv tau ua raws li ib txoj kab ntawm cov hav zoov hav zoov (spiny birch). Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem ntawm cov Islands tuaj, birch thiab aspen hav zoov tshwm nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm clearings thiab hluav taws kub. Meadows ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv thiab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov Islands tuaj nyob 0.1-0.2% ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam thiab yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug nplua nuj hom muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm meadow zaub. Kwv yees li ntawm 15% ntawm thaj chaw ntawm cov Islands tuaj yog swamps nrog rau kev caij tsheb thiab kev hloov pauv ntau yam. Xws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm toj roob hauv pes, nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm tsuas yog hais txog 300 km², yog ib tug amazing ntuj nta ntawm lub Solovetsky archipelago.

Muaj ntau dua 550 lub pas dej ntawm cov Islands tuaj. Lawv txawv qhov loj, zoo, keeb kwm, xim ntawm cov dej, tab sis tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog picturesque heev.

Solovetsky Islands nyob qhov twg

Lub Solovetsky archipelago, muaj rau lub Islands tuaj loj thiab ntau tshaj li ib puas me me, nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Hiav Txwv Dawb, 290 mais qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm lub nroog Arkhangelsk, qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm thaj av Arkhangelsk. Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm cov Islands tuaj yog 300 km². Lawv suav nrog cov Islands tuaj xws li:

• Solovki (Big Solovetsky) - 218, 72 km²;
• Anzersky - 47, 11 km²;
• Big Muksalma – 18.96 km²;
• Malaya Muksalma – 1.2 km²;
• Big 3ayatsky - 1, 25 km²;
• Small Zayatsky – 1.1 km².

History

Keeb kwm ntawm Solovetsky Islands pib nrog lawv txoj kev loj hlob los ntawm tus txiv neej nyob rau hauv Mesolithic lig. Nyob rau hauv lub III txhiab xyoo BC. cov neeg yos hav zoovthiab cov neeg nuv ntses nrhiav pom Solovetsky Islands thiab pib lawv txoj kev loj hlob, uas txuas ntxiv mus txog rau Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog. Ntau qhov chaw ntawm lawv cov kev lag luam thiab kev siv hluav taws xob thiab kev ntseeg tau pom nyob rau hauv Solovki: ntau dua 20 qhov chaw nyob, qhov chaw thiab kev cob qhia, plaub qhov chaw nyob ua ke nrog cov chaw qub, ntau lub pob zeb labyrinths, ntau txhiab cov khoom qub.

Cov neeg nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm Solovki tau koom nrog kev yos hav zoov tshwj xeeb rau cov tsiaj hiav txwv thiab cov kob ntawm pas dej hav zoov, nuv ntses, kev sib sau ntawm ntug hiav txwv, thiab tsim cov cuab yeej pob zeb. Kev sau cov xub, darts, yos hav zoov axes, pob zeb anchors, ceramics, ib tug tshwj xeeb cult drilled axes thiab ntau lwm yam khoom tau pom nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw. Cov neeg nyob hauv lub archipelago thaum ub tau koom nrog kev tsim cov pob zeb labyrinths uas lawv tsim cov chaw dawb huv.

Lub hauv paus ntawm tus txiv neej stauropegic Solovetsky Monastery

Lub Solovetsky Island tau los ua qhov chaw ntawm kev tsim lub tsev teev ntuj hauv 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua XV los ntawm cov hauj sam Savvaty, Herman thiab Zosima, uas tuaj ntawm Kirillo-Belozersky thiab Valaam monasteries, ua lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm "Tus Cawm Seej thiab Wonderworker Nicholas." Nyob rau hauv lub XV-XVI centuries. lub tsev teev ntuj maj mam loj tuaj, tau txais cov Islands tuaj loj ntawm cov koog pov txwv.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, cov txiv plig tau tsa peb lub tsev teev ntuj ntoo: Assumption, Nikolskaya thiab Preobrazhenskaya, ntau lub hlwb thiab cov vaj tsev nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub laj kab ntoo.

Txoj kev muaj zog ntawm sab qaum teb Russia

Nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, lub monastery nkag mus rau hauvKev hloov pauv nyiaj txiag loj cuam tshuam nrog lub npe ntawm Hegumen Philip (Kolychev), tus kws kho dua tshiab, kws tsim qauv, muaj zog thiab muaj peev xwm ua lag luam. Txoj kev no tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1550-1560, tab sis ib qho "tsev cog mis" nrog mos lwj thiab nyuj tau tsim nyob rau ntawm cov kob ntawm B. Muksalma. Txhawm rau muab cov pej xeem ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj nrog dej ntws, 52 lub pas dej ntawm Solovetsky Island tau txuas nrog cov kwj dej haus. Kev tiv thaiv hauv 1582-1594. ib lub pob zeb fortress phab ntsa nrog yees thiab rooj vag raug tsa. Annunciation (Gate) Lub Koom Txoos tau tsim tsa xyoo 1596-1600

Lub sijhawm xyoo pua 17th, Solovetsky Monastery txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm raws li kev tswj hwm, kev lag luam, sab ntsuj plig, tub rog-kev nom kev tswv thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm thaj av Hiav Txwv Dawb. Nyob rau hauv lub XVIII-XX centuries. Nws yog ib qho ntawm qhov chaw raug ntiab tawm thiab raug kaw ntawm lub xeev cov neeg ua txhaum cai.

Soviet times

Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig xyoo 1917, ib lub tebchaws Russia tshiab tau pib ua haujlwm. Lub Solovetsky Islands tau tso tseg los ua qhov chaw ntawm sab ntsuj plig, thiab lub tsev teev ntuj raug tshem tawm. Nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis 1920, lub Arkhangelsk lub xeev commission pib lub teb chaws ntawm lub tuam tsev vaj tse. Kev tswj hwm ntawm Solovetsky Islands tau raug teeb tsa thiab tib lub sijhawm Solovki xeev ua liaj ua teb tau teeb tsa, uas muaj nyob rau xyoo 1923. Kev tsim tsa lub xeev ua liaj ua teb tsis tau txhais hais tias tshem tawm monasticism. Kwv yees li ntawm 200 tus txiv plig yog cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv pej xeem, lub zej zog kev ntseeg tau tsim tsa, cov haujlwm uas tau tswj hwm los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Solovetsky Islands.

Gulag Archipelago

Los ntawm 1923 txog 1939 thaj chaw ntawm cov Islands tuaj thiab tag nrho cov tsev ntawm lub qub Solovetsky Monasterynyob hauv Solovetsky lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb camps ntawm OGPU-NKVD (SLON). Lub koom haum ntawm Kholmogorsk, Pertominsk thiab Arkhangelsk, Solovetsky camps yog cov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia. Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov neeg raug kaw hauv SLON tau hloov pauv lub sijhawm sib txawv. Ntawm lawv yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Lavxias teb sab aristocracy, lub tsev teev ntuj, cov neeg txawj ntse, tag nrho cov pre-revolutionary nom tswv tog, txim txhaum txim txhaum cai nyob rau hauv domestic teeb meem, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub teb chaws tog thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.

Ntawm cov neeg raug ntiab tawm mus rau SLON yog cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg coj noj coj ua, cov kws sau ntawv, kws sau paj huam, cov neeg ntseeg kev ntseeg ntawm Russia: tus xibfwb, kws sau keeb kwm AE. Anisimov, historian I. D. Antsiferov, inventor B. A. Artemiev, Professor S. A. Askoldov, historian B. B. Bakhtin, artist I. E. Braz, ib tug xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Decembrists AB. Bobrischev-Dushkin, kws sau paj huam M. N. Voronoi, ethnographer N. N. Vinogradov, kws sau ntawv 0. B. Bolkov, historian G. O. Gordon, kws sau paj lug A. K. Gorsky, Academician D. S. Likhachev, pov thawj, kws tshawb fawb-encyclopedist D. A. Florensky thiab lwm tus.

Sights of the historical and cultural complex

Cov keeb kwm thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Solovetsky Islands tsuas yog ib qho ntawm nws hom, tshwj xeeb hauv kev ncaj ncees thiab ua tiav ntawm cov pawg thiab cov complexes khaws cia hauv nws, kev ntseeg, thaj chaw, tiv thaiv, kev lag luam, hydraulic qauv, txoj kev network thiab irrigation systems ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, raws li zoo raws li archaeological complexes, monuments, reflecting lub ancient thiab medieval pre-monastic kob kab lis kev cai. Lawv yog cov concentrated nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub loj Islands tuaj ntawm lub archipelago, tab sis, geographically thiab keeb kwm interconnected, lawv tsim ib leeg, inseparable tag nrho. txawv nwscov Cheebtsam sawv cev rau txhua lub sijhawm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub koog pov txwv thiab Lavxias sab qaum teb tag nrho.

Cov khoom ntawm keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm Solovetsky archipelago yog:

• Monastery-fortress ntawm 15th-20th centuries, qub monastic kev sib hais haum ntawm 16th-20th centuries, hermitages thiab suab puam ntawm lub 16th-20th centuries;
• chaw ua lag luam, cov kob hydrotechnical thiab irrigation systems;
• Complexes "sanctuary-parking" III-I xyoo txhiab BC ntawm Bolshaya Zayatsky thiab Anzersky Islands;
• Pab pawg ntawm cov tsev memorial ntawm Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp 1923-1939. ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub zos thiab ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub Hoobkas cib;
• Natural toj roob hauv pes.

Qhov chaw ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov koog pov txwv yog Solovetsky Monastery - ua tiav cov khoom tsim vaj tsev tshwj xeeb. Nws cov qauv yog qhov txawv los ntawm lawv qhov tsis tshua muaj monumentality, lub ntsej muag ci ntawm ntau tus qauv thiab, tib lub sijhawm, kev ncaj ncees ntawm tag nrho nws qhov chaw.

Lwm yam attractions

Archaeological thiab architectural monuments, keeb kwm chaw thiab cov khoom zoo kawg nkaus yog nto moo rau yuav luag tag nrho cov Islands tuaj Solovetsky. Cov kev nyiam uas tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog nyob ntawm cov Islands tuaj hauv qab no:

• Anzersky: Trinity Skete (XVII), Trinity Church (1880-1884), Golgotha-Crucifixion Skate (XIX).
• Big Zayatsky: Zayatsky (St. Andrew's) skate (XVI), pob zeb harbor, Pob zeb harbor (XVI), lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Andrew tus thawj-Called.
• Loj Muksalma: Skate of Sergius (XVI), lub pob zeb pob zeb uas txuas Muksalma nrogloj Solovetsky Island (XIX).

Flora

Lub labyrinths ntawm Solovetsky Islands tau dhau los ua tsev rau 500 hom nroj tsuag. Ntawm cov natural-territorial Island complexes muaj cov chaw nyob rau cov nroj tsuag tsis tshua muaj kab mob. Cov kws tshawb fawb kawm, khaws cia thiab muab faib rau lawv. Tuaj txog ntawm cov kob, koj yuav tsum tau saib xyuas cov nroj tsuag hauv zos, vim tias lub paj txawv txawv tuaj yeem yog hom tsis tshua muaj. Cov neeg sawv cev hauv qab no ntawm cov nroj tsuag xav tau kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb: paj yeeb radiola, hom wolfberry, ob-leaved kev hlub, pom orchis, txiv neej ntaub thaiv npog, dav-leaved orchis, Siberian ntoo thuv, qaum teb girdorn, lauseleuria recumbent, hiav txwv arctic mustard thiab lwm yam.

Cov dej ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Hiav Txwv Dawb yog ib qho ntawm cov nplua nuj tshaj plaws hauv algal thiab thaj chaw tsim khoom tshaj plaws ntawm lub phiab (muaj 160 hom kab hauv qab algae).

fauna

Tsiaj ntiaj teb vim yog txoj haujlwm insular ntawm Solovki thiab qhov chaw sab qaum teb ntawm lub koog pov txwv tsis txawv los ntawm ntau hom tsiaj. Ob ntawm lawv hom tau tshwm sim ntawm no ua tsaug rau txiv neej. Cov no yog cov reindeer, coj mus rau cov Islands tuaj nyob rau xyoo pua 16th, thiab muskrat, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 1920s.

Cov avifauna ntawm cov Islands tuaj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov tsiaj. Ze li ntawm 200 hom noog tau sau tseg ntawm Solovki. Ntawm lawv yog "Liab Phau Ntawv": dawb-tailed dav dawb hau, osprey, shelduck, puffin. Ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb txaus siab yog ib qho ntawm cov cheeb tsam loj tshaj plaws ntawm Arctic tern nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe thiab cov loj tshaj plaws colony ntawm dub-rov qab gulls nyob rau hauv Russia. Solovetsky Island yog qhov txawv ntawm ntau hom tsiaj.

Los ntawm marine mammalsringed foob, whale dawb, bearded foob thiab harp foob yog muaj nyob rau hauv ntug dej hiav txwv. Ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Anzer Island muaj ntau qhov chaw ntawm pinnipeds, thiab pab pawg ntawm beluga whales suav nrog ntau pua tus neeg mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm Big Solovetsky Island.

Ecotourism

Lub koog pov txwv muaj kev txaus siab rau cov neeg nyiam ntuj. Cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws tuaj rau Solovetsky Islands tsis tsuas yog mus xyuas lub tsev teev ntuj nto moo. Sights ntawm xwm kuj tsim nyog mloog. Cov toj roob hauv pes txawv txawv txawv txawv yuav tso cai rau koj taug kev los ntawm taiga hauv thaj chaw me me, txaus siab rau thaj chaw ntsuab ntawm cov nyom thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov pas dej, thiab saib cov tsiaj qus.

Lub bays ntawm lub archipelago yog tshwj xeeb. Qhov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws, nrog ntau cov Islands tuaj me me, Long Bay yog lub pas dej tshwj xeeb uas nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv arctic ntawm cov pob txha, uas sawv cev rau qhov kev ua haujlwm kaw. Lub Trinity Bay zoo nkauj, yuav luag txiav Anzersky Island hauv ob.

Qhov xwm txheej ntawm Solovetsky archipelago yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, vim nws qhia txog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm sab qaum teb, keeb kwm ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog tib neeg, muaj cov toj roob hauv pes zoo nkauj heev thiab yog qhov chaw nyob tsis tshua muaj. noog hom thiab loj noog colony. Cov neeg uas mob siab rau qhov xwm txheej ib txwm tau pom zoo kom mus xyuas Solovetsky Islands.

Yuav ua li cas mus rau Solovki lub caij ntuj no

Kev taw qhia ntawm txoj kev nyob ntawm qhov vagaries ntawm huab cua thiab caij nyoog. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, txav yog nruj heev txwv, tauIb tug neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi tuaj yeem tuaj xyuas cov Islands tuaj tsuas yog los ntawm huab cua thauj los ntawm Arkhangelsk:

• Los ntawm tshav dav hlau "Talagi" hnub Tuesday thiab Sunday, lub dav hlau ntawm lub dav hlau "Nord Avia" (AN-24) ya. Lub sijhawm ya davhlau yog 45 feeb.
• 2nd AOAO (L-410) ua haujlwm ya los ntawm tshav dav hlau Vaskovo rau hnub Friday.

Yuav ua li cas mus rau Islands tuaj rau lub caij ntuj sov

Nrog rau kev txhim kho huab cua, tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev xaiv tuaj yeem mus xyuas Solovetsky Islands tau nce ntau. Cia wb mus ze zog saib yuav ua li cas mus rau lub archipelago nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav-Autumn lub sij hawm. Ntxiv rau kev ya davhlau los ntawm Arkhangelsk, txoj kev los ntawm Karelia kuj qhib rau lub sijhawm no.

Nws raug nquahu kom mus rau Arkhangelsk los ntawm thaj chaw los ntawm dav hlau lossis tsheb ciav hlau. Rau tsheb, txoj kev hauv zos yuav yog qhov kev sim tiag tiag. Raws li lub caij ntuj no, Solovki tuaj yeem ncav cuag huab cua. Davhlau los ntawm tshav dav hlau Talagi (NordAvia) ua haujlwm rau hnub Tuesday, Hnub Saturday thiab Hnub Sunday. Los ntawm Vaskovo (2nd AOAO) - Hnub Monday, Wednesdays, Fridays thiab Saturdays.

Txoj kev nyiam tshaj plaws yog taug kev los ntawm nkoj mus rau Solovetsky Islands los ntawm Karelian nroog ntawm Kem thiab Belomorsk. Hauv cov lus qhia los ntawm Moscow thiab St. Petersburg, cov nroog no tuaj yeem mus txog los ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau Murmansk. Los ntawm lub pier Rabocheostrovsk (Kem), lub cev muaj zog ships Metel thiab Vasily Kosyakov sail txhua hnub mus rau Solovki. Los ntawm Belomorsk lub nkoj "Sapphire" mus. Cov Islands tuaj kuj khiav "dej minibuses" - cov nkoj me me xa cov neeg mus ncig ua si thiab cov neeg ncig tebchaws uas tsis koom nrog. Lub dav hlau thiab nkoj xa cov neeg caij tsheb mus rau cov kob loj - Solovetsky.