Cathedral Square ntawm Moscow Kremlin: txoj kev npaj, tswv yim, piav qhia, keeb kwm thiab duab. Cathedral Square nyob qhov twg?

2024 Tus sau: Harold Hamphrey | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:14

Cathedral Square ntawm Moscow Kremlin yog ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm architectural. Lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov pawg zoo nkauj yog XV-XVI centuries.

Nws pib ua li cas

Kev txhim kho txoj haujlwm kev lag luam ntawm Moscow tus thawj tswj hwm coj mus rau qhov pib ntawm kev tsim cov tsev teev ntuj majestic thiab cathedrals. Tub huabtais Dmitry Donskoy thiab Ivan Kalita tau txiav txim rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev, uas tom qab txiav txim siab lub qauv ntawm lub layout thiab spatial muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub square. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov qauv qub tsis tau khaws cia. Thaum lub sij hawm kav ntawm Ivan thib peb, cov tuam tsev tshiab tsim nyog ntawm lub nroog loj ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev tau tsim nyob rau hauv tib qhov chaw.

Object purpose

Txij thaum pib ntawm nws qhov tshwm sim, Cathedral Square ntawm Moscow Kremlin tau siv rau ntau yam kev ua koob tsheej thiab kev ua koob tsheej. Thaum muaj koob muaj npe tshoob kos, kev ua koob tsheej thiab hnub so ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj zoo, cov xwm txheej muaj neeg coob tau muaj nyob hauv nws thaj chaw. Qhov chaw ntawm lub sam thiaj ntawm Faceted Chamber yog npaj rau lub rooj sib tham solemn ntawm txawv teb chaws ambassadors. Kev pam tuag hla lub squaremus rau qhov chaw so zaum kawg ntawm cov yawg koob, cov nroog, cov vaj ntxwv thiab cov dukes.

Cathedral Square nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv lub kaum yim thiab cuaj centuries yog ntau tshaj ib zaug paving nrog pob zeb slabs ua los ntawm sandstone. Rau ntau xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, nws yog asph alted. Thaum lub sij hawm reconstruction ntawm 1955, lub square tau resurfaced nrog pob zeb pavement.

Yam khoom uas tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no

Cov koom txoos ntawm Cathedral Square ntawm Moscow Kremlin tau rov hloov dua tshiab. Thaum xub thawj, cov qauv ua los ntawm cov ntoo tau tsim nyob ib puag ncig ib puag ncig. Qee tus ntawm lawv tsis muaj sia nyob thaum lub sijhawm hluav taws kub tsis tu ncua hauv lub nroog, lwm tus tsuas yog ploj mus, tom qab uas cov tshiab tau tsim nyob hauv lawv qhov chaw. Yuav luag txhua lub tsev teev ntuj tam sim no sawv ntawm Cathedral Square muaj cov neeg ua ntej. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom uas tsis muaj nyob niaj hnub no yog lub Koom Txoos ntawm Deposition ntawm lub Robe, lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Solovetsky Wonderworkers, Cathedrals ntawm Archangel, Annunciation thiab Assumption, qub Patriarch's Chambers.

Muaj tej vaj tse uas raug yeeb ncuab rhuav tshem los yog puas tsuaj. Yog li ntawd nws yog thaum lub sij hawm lub Great Troubles (xyoo 1612) thiab ntxeem tau ntawm Bonaparte (xyoo 1812). Piv txwv li, thaum cov tub rog Fab Kis rov qab los ntawm lub nroog, qhov tshwj xeeb Filaret qhov txuas ntxiv mus rau lub tswb pej thuam ntawm Ivan lub Great raug rhuav tshem. Tib txoj hmoo tos qhov nyob ze peb-span belfry. Lub tsev teev ntuj St. John of the Ladder tseem tsis tau khaws cia thiab. Nws tau tsim los ntawm txoj cai ntawm Ivan Kalita hauv 1329. Lub tsev muaj cov duab ntawm octahedron nrog arches rau tswb nyob rau theem ob. Nws tsuas yog dismantled nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua kaum tsib nroglub hom phiaj ntawm kev tso thaj chaw rau kev tsim tsa lub tswb pej thuam hauv kev hwm ntawm Ivan the Great.

Lub tsev architectural zoo li cov tuam tsev uas txhim kho tau hloov raws li lub sijhawm xav tau. Qee lub tsev tau hloov kho nrog cov tshooj tshiab, cov tsev nyob thiab lwm yam.

Txoj kev ntawm architectural style

Cathedral Square ntawm Moscow Kremlin (cov duab tau nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm) muaj qee qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tsev kawm vaj tsev ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal Principality thiab Pskov. Masters, caw los ntawm ob lub chaw qhia ntawm lub tsev pob zeb architecture, nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj thiab cathedrals tsis tau tsuas yog ua raws li classical cov tswv yim, tab sis kuj qhia tshiab. Piv txwv li, thaum lub sij hawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Rizopolozhenskaya, lub siab hauv qab daus tau ua thawj zaug. Lub tsev kawm ntawv Pskov muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau kev tsim kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm facades. Yog li, ntawm ntau lub tuam tsev koj tuaj yeem pom curbs, ornamental siv nyob rau hauv lub nruas ntawm domes, runners, ib tug peb-bladed variant ntawm tiav facades. Raws li rau lub tsev kawm ntawv Vladimir-Suzdal, nws lub hwj chim tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm Assumption Cathedral (qhov rais nqaim thiab ib tug arched siv nyob rau hauv lub apses).

New style

Rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm ob lub tsev kawm ntawv vaj tsev ntawm qhov tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam hauv lub xyoo pua kaum tsib, ib qho qauv Moscow thaum ntxov tau tshwm sim, tus yam ntxwv ntawm pob zeb architecture, uas tom qab ntawd tau los ua tag nrho-Lavxias teb sab. Nws yog qhov txawv los ntawm keeled kokoshniks ntawm lub facades, elevated central parapets thiab girth arches. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub hauv paus nruas ntawm lub dome yog ntau thiab ntaukom meej meej hloov mus rau thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov qauv.

Kev cuam tshuam txawv teb chaws

Rau qee lub sijhawm Cathedral Square ntawm Moscow Kremlin tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm Italian Renaissance. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov architects txawv teb chaws tau sim ua raws li cov kev cai ib txwm siv rau kev tsim kho ntawm pob zeb qauv nyob rau hauv Russia, lub zoo nkauj tsim ntawm lub facades ntawm ib co vaj tse (lub Archangel Cathedral, lub Faceted Chamber thiab lwm yam) yog txawv los ntawm lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm lub facades. Florentine cov tsev. Ntawm lawv yog cov tsim ntawm qhov rais qhib thiab tympanums, nrog rau ornaments. Piv txwv li, Bon Fryazin thawj zaug nyob rau hauv Russia siv hlau ties nyob rau hauv txoj kev tsim kho. Tom qab ntawd, qhov zoo li qhov tsis tseem ceeb no tau tiv thaiv kev tawg ntawm Ivan lub Great Tswb Ntauwd thaum lub sijhawm sim tshuab nws hauv 1812

Ib me ntsis txog architects

Hmoov tsis zoo, hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum tsib tsis muaj ntau lub npe ntawm cov neeg yug rau Cathedral Square ntawm Moscow Kremlin. Cov ntawv sau hais txog Krivtsov thiab Myshkin, cov thawj coj ntawm artels ntawm masons los ntawm Pskov, uas tau koom nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm Annunciation thiab lub Koom Txoos ntawm lub Robe.

Vim tias tsis muaj lawv tus kheej paub txog cov kws kos duab, cov neeg txawv teb chaws tau caw tuaj rau Moscow. Ib qho ntawm thawj tus kws tshaj lij Italian tuaj txog yog Aristotle Fioravanti. Nws coj tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim lub Assumption Cathedral. Lub Palace nto moo ntawm Facets tau tsim los ntawm Marco Fryazin thiab Pier Antonio Solari. Thaum ntxov xyoo pua kaumKev tsim kho ntawm Assumption Cathedral yog coj los ntawm Aleviz Novy.

Bona Fryazina yog hu ua qhov tsis paub meej tshaj plaws ntawm Italian masters. Yeej tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm. Nws saib xyuas cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim thawj ob theem ntawm Ivan lub Great Tswb Ntauwd. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1505-1508. Nws txoj haujlwm tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm Petrok Maly, kuj yog Italian. Nws ua haujlwm ntawm Kremlin qhov chaw tsim kho rau kaum xya xyoo (txij li xyoo 1522), nws cov txuj ci siab thiab cov xwm txheej tau lees paub lub npe ntawm architecton. Tsuas yog ob tug neeg Italians, Solari thiab Aleviz Novy, tuaj yeem khav tau ntawm qhov kev lees paub.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsa sawv daws.

Cathedral Square ntawm Moscow Kremlin zoo li cas hnub no? Lub tswv yim ntawm pawg, tau kawg, tau hloov pauv raws sijhawm. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov neeg sau keeb kwm, cov neeg kho dua tshiab thiab lwm cov kws tshaj lij tau ua haujlwm tau ntau xyoo los kho cov cim tshwj xeeb ntawm ntau lub monuments ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm. Tam sim no, ib txoj haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm XV-XVI centuries tshwm sim ua ntej qhuas cov neeg tuaj saib hauv tag nrho nws lub yeeb koob. Cia wb mus saib qee qhov ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus.

Annunciation Cathedral

Cathedral Square ntawm Moscow Kremlin (txoj kev npaj ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub poob qhia qhov no) paub txog lub tsev teev ntuj tsim los ntawm Pskov craftsmen hauv 1484-1489. Los ntawm txoj kev kav ntawm Ivan thib peb mus rau thaum pib ntawm lub XVII caug xyoo, lub Annunciation Cathedral yog lub tsev tsev teev ntuj ntawm tsars ntawm Russia. Lub tuam tsev, uas yog crowned nrog tsib gilded domes, yog ib tug sib haum xeeb muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm lub Moscow architectural tsev kawm ntawv thaum ntxov. Hauv nwskoj tuaj yeem qhuas qhov tsis tshua muaj piv txwv ntawm kev cai dab qhuas painting ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum rau. Cov tswv yim hais txog lub hom phiaj ntawm lub Koom Txoos Orthodox nyob rau hauv Russia raws li tus txais txiaj ntsig ncaj qha ntawm Byzantium tau nthuav tawm hauv daim duab duab.

Arkhangelsk Cathedral

Tam sim no, lub tsev no ua lub qhov ntxa ntawm ntau tus thawj coj Lavxias. Nws nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub hauv paus square. Kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tuam tsev tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntsiab cai ntawm Italian Renaissance tsev kawm ntawv ntawm architecture. Lub tsev teev ntuj kho dua tshiab tau tsim tsa rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm Archangel Michael, raug puas tsuaj los ntawm cua daj cua dub (lub xyoo pua kaum plaub ntawm kev tsim kho). Lub tsev ua tiav zoo sib xyaw ua ke ntawm Kremlin.

Lub ntsej muag Chamber

Lub tsev no yog npaj rau kev ua koob tsheej hauv tsev hais plaub thiab kev ua koob tsheej. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm los ntawm 1487 mus rau 1491. Italian architects Ruffo thiab Solari saib xyuas kev tsim kho. Tus tsim ntawm sab hnub tuaj facade ntawm lub tsev nrog faceted rustication thiab kev npaj ntawm lancet qhov rais yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Italian architecture. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, cov phab ntsa ntawm Chamber tau pleev xim los ntawm Ushakov nws tus kheej.

Ivan the Great Tswb Tower

Lub tsev sab nrauv yog tsim los ua cim lub zog ntawm Russia. Tau ntev, lub tswb pej thuam yog lub tsev siab tshaj plaws hauv lub nroog thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ua lub tsev saib xyuas tseem ceeb ntawm Kremlin. Nws tau dhau los ua qauv rau kev tsim cov tuam tsev zoo sib xws hauv lub xeev.

Assumption Cathedral

Nov yog lub tsev teev ntuj Orthodox tseem ceeb hauv tebchaws Russia. Nws tau tsim los ntawm tus qauv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Vladimir. Xyoo ntawm kev tsim kho - 1475-1479. Ntawm lub hauv paus dome ntawm qhov siabPlaub caug tsib meters, ib tug gilded ntoo khaub lig yog ntsia. Nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm lub tuam tsev no, Lavxias teb sab rulers tau crowned vaj thiab Orthodox hierarchs tau nce mus rau qib. Niaj hnub no, ntau tus yawg koob thiab cov nroog loj hauv lub tebchaws nyob ntawd. Lub hauv nruab nrab nruab nrab yog pleev xim los ntawm ib puas tus tswv ntawm lawv cov khoom siv tes ua.

Yuav mus li cas?

Cathedral Square nyob qhov twg? Qhov tshwj xeeb pawg yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Moscow Kremlin. Koj tuaj yeem mus rau nws los ntawm npav npav 6 lossis trolleybuses tus lej 1, 33 (tawm ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb "Borovitskaya Square"), thiab los ntawm metro (mus rau qhov chaw nres tsheb "Aleksandrovsky Sad", "Borovitskaya", "Arbatskaya", " Biblioteka im. Lenin).

Zoo kawg

Cathedral Square ntawm Moscow Kremlin (daim duab qhia chaw ntawm pawg yog nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm) yog ib qhov project grandiose. Lub sijhawm nws tsib puas xyoo ntawm keeb kwm, nws tau rov ua qhov chaw uas muaj koob hmoov keeb kwm tshwm sim.