Ferapontov Monastery (Vologda cheeb tsam), towering saum lub zos Ferapontovo, yog ib tug tshwj xeeb kev zoo nkauj pawg, uas yog ib tug keeb kwm monument ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tseem ceeb. Tam sim no nws tau suav nrog hauv UNESCO daim ntawv teev npe. Keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ncaj qha txuas nrog cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb uas tau tshwm sim hauv Moscow hauv 15th-17th centuries. Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral ntawm lub Nativity ntawm lub Virgin, muaj ntau frescoes ua los ntawm nto moo icon painting Dionysius.
monastery Ensemble
Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Ferapontov tau ua rau ntawm ib lub toj ntawm lub pas dej Borodaevsky thiab Pavsky, uas txuas nrog tus dej me me Paska. Nws cov pawg sib haum xeeb ua ke nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm architectural ntawm ntau centuries. Ntawm qhov txaus siab yog Cathedral ntawm Nativity ntawm tus nkauj xwb. Qhov no yog lub tsev teev ntuj tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, kev tsim kho uas pib hauv 1490. Tsis deb ntawm lub Cathedral, lub Koom Txoos ntawm Annunciation tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1530, thiab nyob rau hauv 1640 kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Martimian pib.
Yuav ua li cas lub tsev teev ntuj tau tsim
Ferapontov Monastery tau tsim tsa hauv 1397 los ntawm Ferapont, ib txwm nyob ntawmtsev neeg thaum ub ntawm Poskochins. Cov neeg dawb huv coj tonsure ntawm Simonov Monastery hauv Moscow thaum muaj hnub nyoog plaub caug. Ntawm no nws tau los ua phooj ywg nrog Monk Kirill Belozersky. Ua ke lawv tau mloog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Sergius ntawm Radonezh, uas feem ntau mus xyuas lub tuam tsev. Ua raws li kev mloog lus, Ferapont mus rau sab qaum teb mus rau Beloozero. Tus neeg dawb huv nyiam thaj tsam hnyav sab qaum teb, thiab me ntsis tom qab nws txiav txim siab rov qab mus rau qhov ntawd rau kev siv dag zog. Lub sijhawm no lawv mus rau sab qaum teb ua ke nrog St. Cyril. Ntawm no, nyob ze Siversky Lake, lawv nrhiav tau Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery.
Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, Ferapont tau tsim nws lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub roob ntawm Pavsky thiab Borodaevsky. Thaum xub thawj nws nyob hauv ib lub cell ua los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv ib tug hermitage. Nws yuav tsum tau nyiaj ntau heev. Thaum lub sij hawm, cov hauj sam pib tuaj rau nws, uas kuj tsim cov hlwb ntawm no. Yog li maj mam qhov chaw no hloov mus ua ib lub tsev teev ntuj.
Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Ferapontov tau paub dav ua tsaug rau kev siv zog ntawm Monk Martinian, ib tug thwj tim ntawm Cyril Belozersky, uas, ntawm qhov insistence ntawm cov kwv tij, tau los ua nws hegumen. Cov neeg sawv cev nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab nom tswv ib zaug tuaj ntawm no los pe hawm - Elena Glinskaya, Ivan IV, Vasily III thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lub XV-XVI centuries. Cov neeg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub Koom Txoos Lavxias tau tawm ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj - Npis Sov Philotheus ntawm Vologda thiab Perm, Npis Sov Joasaph ntawm Yaroslavl thiab Rostov thiab lwm tus. Sij hawm dhau mus, lub tsev teev ntuj tau dhau los ua qhov chaw raug ntiab tawm ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb uas tawm tsam rau lub Koom Txoos loj tshaj plaws hauv lub xeev - Patriarch Nikon, Metropolitan Spiridon-Sava, thiab lwm yam.
Sib nrug ntawm txhua yam, Ferapontov Monastery kuj yog thaj chaw loj tshaj plaws. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th lub monastery muaj txog 60 lub zos, peb puas tus neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab 100 qhov chaw pov tseg.
Business
Txawm hais tias muaj ntau lub tsev pob zeb tau tsim tsa hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, pib txij li xyoo 15th thiab xaus rau xyoo pua 17th, nws yeej tsis tau los ua ib lub fortress tiag tiag. Nws lub laj kab tseem yog ntoo kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 19th. Qhov no yog vim li cas rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv 1614 los ntawm Polish-Lithuanian tub sab. Kev tsim kho pob zeb tau rov pib dua tsuas yog 25 xyoo tom qab kev cuam tshuam. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias lub tsev teev ntuj poob rau hauv kev lwj uas peb tshuav rau kev khaws cia ntawm cov frescoes hauv lawv daim ntawv qub. Lub tsev teev ntuj tsis nplua nuj, yog li ntawd cov duab kos tsis tau hloov kho.
Xyoo 1798, los ntawm txoj cai ntawm Synod, lub tsev teev ntuj raug tshem tawm. Xyoo 1904, lub tsev teev ntuj tau rov qhib dua ntawm no, tab sis lub sijhawm no rau cov poj niam. Nws tsis kav ntev - txog 1924. Niaj hnub no, lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm frescoes los ntawm Dionysius ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj.
Icon painter Dionysius
Hauv xyoo 1502, tus neeg pleev kob icon Dionisy nrog ib tus artel raug caw mus rau Ferapontov Monastery. Nws txoj hauj lwm yog pleev xim rau Nativity Cathedral. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, Dionysius twb nto moo thiab raug suav hais tias yog tus thawj coj Moscow. Nws tau txais nws thawj zaug ua haujlwm loj ntawm 1467 thiab 1477. Thaum lub sij hawm no, nws tau txais kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm lub Nativity ntawm lub Virgin nyob rau hauv lub Pafnutyevo-Borovsky Monastery. Xyoo 1481, nws pib ua lwm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb - kev siv cov cim rauiconostasis ntawm Assumption Cathedral (Moscow Kremlin). Tus tswv tiv nrog qhov kev txiav txim tsuas yog superbly thiab txij li thaum ntawd los tau los ua tus neeg ntawm Moscow lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm painting.
Ferapontov Monastery. Frescoes ntawm Dionysius
Cov frescoes ntawm Dionysius nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral ntawm lub Nativity ntawm lub Virgin yog tib tug murals ntawm tus tswv uas muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Ua ntej kev hloov pauv ntawm façade hauv XVI xyoo pua. cov scenes depicted rau nws tau pom nyob deb. Archangels Gabriel thiab Michael tau piav qhia ntawm ob sab ntawm lub rooj vag. Lub portal yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog scenes ntawm "Nativity ntawm lub Virgin" thiab lub fresco "Desus". Ntawm lub taub hau koj tuaj yeem pom ib lub medallion nrog tus duab ntawm Tswv Yexus. Saum lub qhov rooj, Dionysius tso ib tug duab ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv nws tus kheej, surrounded los ntawm Cosmas ntawm Mayum thiab John ntawm Damascus. Nws yog qhov no fresco uas dhau los ua qhov pib ntawm zaj duab xis hais txog cov duab mob siab rau Blessed Virgin. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab asp, Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv Hodegetria yog piav txog zaum ntawm lub zwm txwv nrog cov tim tswv txhos caug ua ntej nws. Muaj lwm cov frescoes nthuav qhia Virgin Mary rau cov neeg saib hauv lub tuam tsev. Ferapontov Monastery yog nto moo, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ua tsaug rau lub murals ntawm lub Cathedral ntawm lub Nativity ntawm lub Virgin.
Txoj kev ntawm cov murals ntawm lub tuam tsev
Lub tsev teev ntuj painting system yog teem nruj heev thiab concisely. Lub frescoes yog ua los ntawm kev coj mus rau hauv tus account lub architectural nta ntawm lub tsev. Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb uas ua rau kev tsim lub tuam tsev sib haum xeeb yog kev paub txog kev sib xyaw. Qhov no tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi ob qho tib si rau qhov chaw ntawm frescoes, thiab rau txhua tus neeg zaj dab neeg. Daim duab yog txawv los ntawm qhov yooj ntawm cov kab thiab tib lub sij hawm lawv conciseness. Tag nrho cov duab saibweightless, qhia upwards. Cov murals yog neeg coob thiab dynamic. Yuav kom saib tag nrho cov frescoes nyob rau hauv ib theem zuj zus, koj yuav tsum mus ncig lub tuam tsev tag nrho nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog ob peb zaug.
Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Dionysius's frescoes yog qhov muag ntawm cov xim thiab elegance. Cov duab yog dominated dawb, ntuj xiav, daj, liab, cherry thiab lub teeb ntsuab tones. Rau keeb kwm yav dhau, tus neeg pleev kob icon siv feem ntau ci xiav. Cov xim tau supposed xa mus rau tus kws kos duab los ntawm Moscow. Lub nplua nuj painting nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov xim yog cov medallions nyob rau hauv lub nruas thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav arches. Cov xim dawb huv thiab cov khoom sib tov tau siv rau hauv lawv qhov kev tua.
Cov duab kos ntawm Cathedral ntawm Nativity ntawm tus nkauj xwb tuaj yeem raug hu ua qhov kawg ntawm Dionysius 'creativity. Qhov tseeb nthuav yog tias tag nrho cov frescoes ntawm Ferapontov Monastery tau ua tiav hauv 34 hnub xwb (los ntawm Lub Yim Hli 6 txog Lub Cuaj Hli 8). Thiab qhov no txawm tias qhov tseeb tias lawv cheeb tsam tag nrho yog 600 m2.
Ferapontov Luzhetsky Monastery
Nyob rau xyoo pua 15th, Beloozero tau koom nrog Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrei, tus tub ntawm Dmitry Donskoy. Xyoo 1408, nws tig mus rau Ferapont nrog kev thov kom pom lub tsev teev ntuj hauv nroog Mozhaisk. Tom qab ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab, cov neeg dawb huv pom zoo los ua tus saib xyuas ntawm lub tuam tsev tshiab. Ua rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Moskva River, lub tsev teev ntuj hu ua Luzhetsky. Nyob rau hauv 1420, lub Cathedral ntawm lub Nativity ntawm lub Virgin raug tsa nyob rau hauv nws. Tsis deb ntawm Luzhetsky Monastery, hnub no muaj lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav nrog dej kho. Lawv hu nws lub qhov dej ntawm St. Ferapont. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, nws tau qhib los ntawm cov neeg dawb huv nws tus kheej.
St. Ferapont tseem nyob hauv Luzhetsky Monastery mus txog thaum nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1426. Nyob rau hauv 1547 nws twb canonized ua ib tug neeg dawb huv. Nws cov relics tseem faus rau hauv Cathedral ntawm Nativity ntawm tus nkauj xwb. Vologda thiab Luzhetsk Ferapont monasteries yog niaj hnub no yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws monuments ntawm medieval Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai.
