Sveaborg Fortress hauv Helsinki (aka Suomenlinna) yog lub fortress nto moo tshaj plaws hauv Finland. Nws yog ib tug complex ntawm bastions nyob rau ntawm xya Islands tuaj, tsim los tiv thaiv lub teb chaws lub peev los ntawm lub hiav txwv. Niaj hnub no, lub fortification tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tub rog thiab tau hloov mus rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej qhib.
ntiaj teb cuab yeej cuab tam
Lub Sveaborg Fortress, ua ke nrog xya lub tebchaws uas nws tau tsim, tau suav nrog UNESCO World Heritage List hauv xyoo 1991 los ntawm kev tso cai ua haujlwm ua ib lub cim tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua tub rog. Lwm feature ntawm lub fort yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm nws keeb kwm nws ua hauj lwm los tiv thaiv peb lub xeev: Sweden, Russia thiab Finland.
Nws yog qhov nthuav tias thaj chaw ntawm 80 hectares tsis yog lub tsev cia puav pheej qhib. Nws suav nrog hauv lub nroog txwv ntawm Helsinki ua ib qho chaw nyob hauv nroog. Niaj hnub no, muaj txog 900 tus neeg nyob ntawm no.
Kev piav qhia
Sveaborg (Suomenlinna) yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv ntawm bastion-hom fortifications nyob rau ntawm xyacov kob. Tib lub sijhawm, cov chaw tseem ceeb nyob ntawm tsib qhov loj tshaj plaws:
- Kustaanmiekka (Kustaanmiekka).
- Susisaari (Susisaari).
- Länsi-Musta (Länsi-Mustasaari).
- Pikku-Musta (Pikku-Mustasaari).
- Iso Mustasaari (Iso-Mustasaari).
Lawv txuas rau ib leeg los ntawm cov isthmuses thiab txuas hniav. Peb lub tebchaws ntxiv (Pormestarinluodot, Lonna thiab Särkkä) raug cais tawm ntawm ib leeg.
Lub bastions tseem ceeb yog ntawm Susisaari thiab Kustaanmiekka. Lawv cov phab ntsa pob zeb yog pentagonal thiab cov duab plaub nyob rau hauv cov duab kom txo tau qhov tshwm sim ntawm hits los ntawm naval phom, muaj ib tug tsis tshua muaj profile thiab tsis pom zoo rau lub backdrop ntawm rocky Islands tuaj. Cov phom muaj zog tshaj plaws, lub hauv paus chaw tiv thaiv, lub hauv paus garrison nyob ntawm no. Lub mini-archipelago tau nrov npe hu ua "Hma Skerries", los ntawm kev sib piv nrog lub ntsej muag hem ntawm tus neeg tua tsiaj uas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm nws tus kheej.
Dab tsi ua rau lub bastion fortress tshwj xeeb
Suomenlinna yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv nws qhov kev tiv thaiv muaj qhov tsis sib xws (kev cais tawm). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv muaj kev sib tshuam los ntawm cov kab ke ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog, cov kais dej, txuas hniav thiab kev tiv thaiv kev hla. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm pob zeb Islands tuaj nrog ib tug rugged toj roob hauv pes, uas yuav tsum tau ib tug tseem ceeb kev hloov pauv thiab hloov kho ntawm qhov tseeb txoj kev xav ntawm kev tiv thaiv fortifications tsim nyob rau hauv Central Europe thaum lub sij hawm ntawd.
Txawm hais tias muaj keeb kwm vicissitudes, Sveaborg fortress muaj keeb kwm ntseeg tau, uas yog, nws tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no hauv nws daim ntawv qub. Ntawm cov Islands tuaj koj tuaj yeem pomntau theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm fortifications thiab shipyards. Piv txwv li, qhov chaw nres nkoj qhuav nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub fort yog qhov tshiab rau xyoo pua 18th. Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj ntau ntau yam khoom tseem ceeb hauv qab dej nyob ib ncig ntawm cov skerries: cov nkoj nquam nkoj, cov cuab yeej siv tub rog, cov cim ntawm lub neej ntawm garrison.
Npe
Lub hiav txwv fortress ntawm Sveaborg yog tsim los ntawm Sweden nyob rau hauv Finnish-tswj thaj chaw nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Raws li, nws tau txais lub npe yooj yim, tab sis nkag siab rau txhua tus - Swedish Fortress (Sveaborg). Karelo-Finns hu ua lub fortifications Vyapori (Viapori) los yog Viaporone (Viaporina).
Tom qab Finland tau sib cais los ntawm lub tebchaws Lavxias teb sab tawg xyoo 1918, tsoomfwv hauv tebchaws tau thov kom hloov npe lub fortification. Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 6, 1918, nyob rau hnub ua kev zoo siab ntawm 170 xyoo ntawm kev tsim lub fort, lub defensive complex tau txais lub npe tshiab - Finnish Fortress (Suomenlinna, Suomenlinna).
Swedish lub sijhawm
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, Sweden yog lub tebchaws muaj zog nrog cov tub rog uas muaj zog tshaj plaws nyob rau sab av loj. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis zoo li Askiv, Spain, Portugal, Fabkis, lub teb chaws tau qhia cov peev txheej tsis txhob ntes cov neeg nyob txawv teb chaws, tab sis mus rau thaj chaw nyob sab Europe. Kev ua tsov rog tsis tu ncua nrog cov tub rog tawv tawv ntawm Poland, Prussia, Denmark, Russia tau thov cov peev txheej loj, uas thaum kawg xaus.
Kev swb ntawm Peter I hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm xyoo 1700 tau yuam kom peb tso tseg ntau thaj chaw hauv thaj av B altic thiab Ladoga. Yuav kom tiv thaiv lub nroog Helsingfors (Helsinki) los ntawm Lavxias teb sab fleet, lub Swedish parliament nyob rau hauv 1747 txiav txim siab los tsim.tiv thaiv fortifications raws ntug dej hiav txwv. Qhov no yog qhov pib ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Sveaborg fortress.
Kev tsim kho ntawm cov bastions pib xyoo tom ntej ntawm ob lub tebchaws loj tshaj plaws ntawm Susiludot archipelago sab qab teb ntawm Helsinki, ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Suomenlinna tam sim no. Nyob rau hauv 1750 lub fortress tau hu ua Sveaborg. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov chaw nres nkoj qhuav tshwj xeeb ua haujlwm ntawm no, qhov chaw ua rog tau tsim los tiv thaiv Archipelago Hiav Txwv (dej thaj chaw sab qab teb ntawm Finland).
Zaj sawv kev npaj thiab lub hom phiaj kev muaj tiag
Thaum pib, cov fortifications tau npaj tsim tsa hauv 4 xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, cov phiaj xwm xav tau yuav tsum tau tso tseg vim tsis muaj nyiaj txaus. Lwm qhov kev tsov rog hauv Pomorie (1756-1763) tau tshem tag nrho cov peev txheej. Txoj haujlwm fort yuav tsum tau ua kom yooj yim, tab sis txawm tias nws siv 40 xyoo kom tiav.
Lub hiav txwv fortress tau siv los ua lub hauv paus naval hauv kev ua tsov rog Lavxias-Swedish xyoo 1788-1790 (kev ua tsov rog ntawm Gustav III), tab sis nws tsis koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua tiag tiag. Nyob rau xyoo 1808 Sveaborg tau raug ntes los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias. Tom qab kev sib tsoo me me, tus thawj coj txiav txim siab tso tseg. Yog vim li cas rau lub surrender tseem yog ib tug unsolved paub tsis meej rau historians. Yog li ntawd, lub hiav txwv fortress raug ntes, thiab ib tug tshiab era pib twb rau Väpori.
Russian lub sijhawm
Tom qab cov neeg Swedes tau tawm ntawm Sveaborg, lub bastion complex, nrog rau nws cov nkoj thiab cov cuab yeej, tau pauv mus rau Lavxias teb sab tswj. Xyoo tom qab no, Finland tau los ua ib tus neeg muaj hwj chim loj Duchy ntawm Russia, tab sis Väpori tseem ua tub rog nyob rau hauv Lavxias.kev tswj hwm.
Cov Russians txaus siab rau lub peev xwm ntawm lub fortress thiab txhim kho nws. Lub fortification system tau nthuav dav. Bastions tshwm sim ntawm cov Islands tuaj nyob sib ze. Tshiab barracks tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub garrison kom haum cov tub rog, thiab ib tug Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj raug tsa raws li tus tsim ntawm Konstantin Ten.
Nyob rau xyoo tom ntej, raws li lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm cov nkoj loj hlob tuaj, cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm lub hiav txwv fortress poob qis. Thaum kawg Väpori poob rau hauv kev poob qis. Thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog Crimean, cov tub rog Anglo-Fabkis ua ke tau foob pob hauv tub ceev xwm rau ob hnub thaum Lub Yim Hli 1855. Cov qauv tiv thaiv tau txais kev puas tsuaj hnyav. Thaum Lub Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, lub fort yog ib feem ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau ntawm cov fortifications (lub npe tom qab Peter lub Great) tsim los tiv thaiv St. Petersburg los ntawm German fleet.
sijhawm Finnish
Tom qab kev tawm tsam, cov chaw tub rog tau ua lub hauv paus rau White Guards rau qee lub sijhawm, tab sis tsis ntev tau hloov mus rau kev tswj hwm ntawm Finland. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1918, lub fortress tau hloov npe hu ua Suomenlinna Fortress. Ntau chav nyob ntawm Cov Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv tau nyob ntawm no.
Thaum lub sijhawm kev sib tw Finnish xyoo 1940 thiab thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, cov tub rog hauv paus tau los ua qhov chaw ntawm Finnish submarine nkoj. Cov phom loj thiab cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau teeb tsa los tiv thaiv nws.
Los ntawm nruab nrab-60s, muab qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv kev ua tsov rog niaj hnub no, cov tub rog tiv thaiv tus kheej tau pib tawm hauv lub hauv paus. Xyoo 1972, Suomenlinna tau hloov mus rau kev tswj hwm pej xeem, thiab nws cov phab ntsa pob zeb tau hloov mus rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej qhib.ntuj.
Tourism
Hnub no lub bastion complex yog ib qhov chaw nto moo tshaj plaws hauv Helsinki. Nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab lub caij ntuj sov. Muaj chaw ua si rau sunbathing, thiab me me xuab zeb puam rau lovers ntawm dej txheej txheem. Los ntawm txoj kev, nkag mus rau thaj chaw yog dawb, tab sis cov tsev khaws puav pheej tau them.
Cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uas paub dhau los qhia kom mus ntsib:
- ib lub nkoj me me Vesikko (1933), uas tawm tsam hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II;
- Lub Koom Txoos Suomenlinna (1854);
- Ehrenswerd Tsev khaws puav pheej;
- Tsev khaws puav pheej kev lis kev cai;
- Suomenlinna Museum.
Txoj kev yooj yim tshaj plaws los mus rau cov Islands tuaj yog los ntawm ferry lossis "dej tsheb npav". Lawv tawm ntawm Market Square thiab khiav thaum lub caij mus ncig ua si thaum 6 teev sawv ntxov txog 2 teev sawv ntxov.
