Russia yog lub tebchaws loj nrog ntau qhov chaw tshwj xeeb thiab kev nyiam. Nws thaj chaw pib los ntawm qhov majestic snow voids thiab mus txog rau lub roob siab zoo nkauj thiab muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, cov hnub caiv nyob rau hauv Russia tau ua nrov. Lub teb chaws yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ntsuab hav zoov thiab xuab zeb ntug hiav txwv dej. So hauv nws tuaj yeem ua rau txhua tus saj. Thiab txhua qhov chaw hauv Russia khaws keeb kwm zoo thiab zoo heev. Txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, Russia tau nyiam cov xim ntawm ntau tus conquerors thiab generals.
Kaluga
Kaluga yog ib lub nroog ncig tebchaws hauv tebchaws Russia, uas nyob hauv nws qhov chaw nruab nrab. Lub nroog keeb kwm muaj ntau yam khoom qub qub, qhov pom ntawm Kaluga tsis tuaj yeem pom hauv 1 hnub, vim muaj ntau ntawm lawv. Qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev txaus siab yog: lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm 17th-18th centuries, cov tsev noble, qub tub lag luam tsev loj, uas tau hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv cov tsev cia puav pheej nrog lub tsev zoo nkauj.
Kaluga yog ib lub nroog loj ntawm cosmonautics. Tus kws tshawb fawb thiab tus tsim khoom Konstantin nyob thiab ua haujlwm hauv nws. Tsiolkovsky. Ntau cov khoom keeb kwm thiab kev nyiam hauv Kaluga yog txuam nrog lub npe ntawm tus neeg tsim khoom. Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb uas txhua tus neeg yuav txaus siab rau qhov kev kawm ntawm astronautics, vim hais tias qhov tob ntawm qhov chaw yuav luag tsis paub, thiab lawv tau hu nrog lawv cov lus zais rau txhua tus neeg hauv ntiaj teb. Thiab tau tuaj txog hauv Kaluga, muaj lub sijhawm mus xyuas qhov chaw yug ntawm astronautics hauv Russia. Hauv Kaluga, cov tswv yim ntawm kev mus los ntawm qhov tob ntawm qhov chaw tau yug los.
Kaluga nroog keeb kwm
Nyob rau thaum ub, Kaluga thaj av tsis tuaj yeem muab faib nruab nrab ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lithuania thiab Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Moscow. Tus Lithuanian Tsar Olgerd yws rau yawg koob nyob hauv Constantinople tias Moscow tus thawj tswj hwm tau coj lawv cov av tawm ntawm lawv. Nws yog los ntawm qhov kev tsis txaus siab no uas nyob rau hauv 1371 lub hauv paus ntawm lub nroog pib hnub tim. Txawm li cas los xij, lub fortress ntawm Kaluga sawv ua ntej ntawd.
Ua ntej Kaluga los ua lub nroog ntawm cosmonautics, nws feem ntau raug kev txom nyem los ntawm ntau yam kev tsov kev rog thiab teeb meem:
- kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov Tatar-Mongols, uas tau swb rau hauv cheeb tsam Kaluga;
- hluav taws, tom qab ntawd yuav luag tag nrho Kaluga hlawv;
- muaj " kab mob kis ", thiab kwv yees li ib txhiab tus neeg dim hauv Kaluga.
Climate and ecology
Kaluga yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Russia. Tias yog vim li cas txhua lub caij tau hais. Lub caij ntuj no txias thiab daus, lub caij nplooj zeeg qee zaum rub rau, tab sis tseem zoo li kub thiab zoo nkauj rau cov neeg hauv nroog thiab cov qhua ntawm lub nroog. Caij nplooj ntoos hlav tawg thiab tseem ceeb heev, thiab lub caij ntuj sov yog kub thiab qhuav.
Lub nroog muaj hmoo heev nrog ib puag ncig. Kaluga ntoo thuv hav zoov ncig yuav luagtag nrho lub nroog. Yog li ntawd, zaum hauv lub tiaj ua si hauv nroog, koj tuaj yeem hnov cov hu nkauj ntawm nightingales, ib yam li hauv hav zoov.
Kev piav qhia ntawm qhov pom ntawm Kaluga yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, vim lub nroog khaws keeb kwm yav dhau los.
Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Cosmonautics muaj npe tom qab K. E. Tsiolkovsky
Nov yog lub ntsiab thiab ib lub tsev khaws puav pheej loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia. Cov neeg nto moo xws li tus kws tshawb fawb zoo Korolev thiab cosmonaut Gagarin koom nrog nws cov creation. Nyob rau hauv 1961, Yuri Gagarin nteg thawj cobblestone nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau qhib rau cov qhua tom qab 6 xyoo. Lub tsev muaj ntau yam khoom siv nthuav dav ntsig txog qhov chaw.
Yog tias koj xav paub qhov pom dab tsi hauv Kaluga, ces lub tsev khaws puav pheej yuav tsum yog thawj qhov chaw mus xyuas. Nws cov khoom pov thawj nto moo tshaj plaws:
- Mir chaw nres tsheb qauv;
- thawj qhov chaw ntawm lub nkoj "Vostok";
- a sau los ntawm ntau lub foob pob hluav taws ua nyob rau hauv Russia.
Ntawm no qhia txog keeb kwm uas lub tsev khaws puav pheej khaws cia hauv nws tus kheej, txij li lub sijhawm USSR xyoo 1920 mus rau peb lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no.
Stone Bridge
Ib qho ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lub nroog Kaluga yog tus choj pob zeb. Tus choj no muaj qhov nthuav dav heev ntawm cov qauv. Hauv architecture, muaj lub tswvyim ntawm "viaduct". Qhov no yog ib tug choj nyob rau hauv uas tag nrho cov arches yog txawv heights. Hom choj no tau nquag siv los ntawm cov neeg Loos thaum ub, tab sis lawv cov choj txuas tsis tau tsuas yog txoj kev, tab sis kuj tau ua.dej num, thiab hu ua "aqueducts".
Tau ntev lawm, cov choj no tsis tshua siv hauv cov tsev, vim lawv yog cov tsev nyiaj txiag kim. Qhov no landmark ntawm Kaluga tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1780. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov choj qub tshaj plaws thiab loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Thiab cov neeg txaus siab rau architecture thiab keeb kwm yuav txaus siab pom nws hauv lub neej. Qhov siab ntawm tus choj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ncav cuag nees nkaum meters thiab qhov dav yog ntau tshaj 8 meters. Cov tsheb npav hauv nroog, tsheb thiab cov neeg taug kev mus raws tus choj. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, trading tsev pheebsuab sawv ntawm ib ncig ntawm tus choj. Txij thaum ancient sij hawm, Kaluga tau ua lag luam lub nroog.
Cov arches ntawm tus choj, dawb li thawj daus, sib tov zoo nrog cov ntoo ntsuab nyob ib ncig ntawm nws. Yav tas los, ib tug kwj deg khiav nyob ze, uas nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm twb tig mus ua thickets. Nyob ze yog lub hav Beruzeisky, uas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th yog ib tug feature ntawm Kaluga. Tus choj txuas lub nroog nrog rau lwm lub zos thiab lub nroog thiab txhawb kev lag luam mus rau cov neeg nyob sib ze. Nyob ze ntawm tus choj yog qhov chaw ua lag luam keeb kwm tseem ceeb.
Cov chaw qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Kaluga thiab thaj av no muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab yuav luag txhua qhov txuas nrog thaj chaw lag luam ntawm Kaluga yav dhau los.
Qhov chaw nyob
Kev tsim kho ntawm Kaluga raws li qhov project tsim los ntawm Pyotr Nikitin pib nrog kev tsim ntau lub tsev loj sib txuas. Lub tsev tau muab lub npe "Public Places". Raws li tau npaj tseg, cov tsev tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub nroog. Lub tsev yuav siv qhov chaw ntawm ib tug qub ruined fortress, uas tau ntev tuav rov qabkev tawm tsam ntawm invaders. Cov tsev yog tseem ceeb ntawm tsoom fwv cov cuab yeej cuab tam. Lawv nyob ntawm sab laug ntug dej ntawm Oka, thiab lub tsev zoo li tsab ntawv P nrog arches loj rau txoj kev.
Lub tsev tau tsim tsa los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws M. Krechetnikov. Cov vaj tse uas tau tsim hauv xyoo 1780 zoo li nplua nuj heev piv rau cov tsev nyob ib puag ncig. Kev tsim kho lub tsev no raug nqi Kaluga lub peev loj hauv lub sijhawm qub - ntau dua 150 txhiab rubles. Cov duab ntawm lub tsev qhia txog kev tsim kho ntawm ntoo Kremlin, uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Cov tuam tsev nyob hauv cov ceg tseem ceeb ntawm kev tswj hwm hauv nroog: lub tsev hais plaub secular, qhov qhia txog kev thuam ntawm tib neeg, chav rau kev sib sau ua ke ntawm zej zog. Xyoo 1812, lub tsev kho mob tub rog tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm lub tsev.
Thiab nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm, "Public Places" txuas ntxiv nqa lawv qhov tseem ceeb. Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm qhov chaw muaj ib tug theological seminary. Hauv lwm qhov chaw yog "State Kaluga ceg ntawm Moscow Technical University. Bauman". Lwm qhov chaw yog nyob los ntawm ntau lub xeev cov tuam txhab.
Gostiny Dvor
Taug kev los ntawm qhov pom ntawm Kaluga, ib qho yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog cov tub lag luam 'chambers, uas khaws cia lub cim xeeb ntawm 17th-18th centuries. Txoj kev ntawm Kutuzov, Lenin, Voskresenskaya tam sim ntawd pauv mus rau yav dhau los nyob deb. Ntau lub tsev ua lag luam, kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov ntoo txiv ntoo thaum ub, cov tsev teev ntuj me me - tag nrho cov no ua rau muaj kev zoo nkauj ntawm nroog zoo nkauj.
Gostiny Dvor yog qhov chaw lag luam keeb kwm ntawm Kaluga. Lub tsev txum tim rov qab los, raws li nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, sib ntsibcov qhua ntawm tag nrho nws cov txheej xwm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev ua koob tsheej hauv nroog. Lub tshav puam yog ib tug loj complex uas occupies ib tug loj cheeb tsam, yuav luag tag nrho cov block. Kev tsim kho ntawm cov qauv raug ncua rau 45 xyoo vim kev ntshaw thiab kev khib ntawm cov tub lag luam. Lawv twb muaj cov tsev pheeb suab ntoo, thiab lawv tsis xav txav thiab tsim ib qho chaw. Lub architectural monument feem ntau rebuilt thiab hloov. Cov kab yog tawm tsam "White House", qhov chaw tswj hwm ntawm Kaluga Region ua haujlwm.
Nyob rau hauv lawv daim ntawv tam sim no, cov tsev yog ib pawg ntawm breathtaking kev zoo nkauj thiab khoom kim heev. Plaster molding ntawm floral branched ornaments, tsis tshua muaj yees thiab arches, uas nyob thoob plaws hauv lub tshav puam, sawv cev ib yam ntawm "gingerbread tsev". Gostiny Dvor yog ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm cov qauv ntawm architecture hauv Russia hauv 17th-18th centuries. Sab hauv, tag nrho lub tsev yog pw nrog cov vuas uas zoo li cov ntoo paving pob zeb; cov tsev pheeb suab ntoo thiab cov rooj zaum raug muab tso rau thoob plaws hauv thaj chaw. Nyob rau hauv lawv koj muaj peev xwm yuav cov khoom ntawm cov creators ntawm lub nroog. Cov tais diav, khoom ua si, ntoo thiab xaws, xaws thiab knitting - txhua yam khoom ua los ntawm tus tswv lawv tus kheej thiab sawv cev rau pej xeem kos duab ntawm lub nroog nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws lub yeeb koob.
Nws yog qhov zoo rau taug kev thiab so ib ncig ntawm thaj chaw. Gostiny Dvor yog thaj chaw ntawm Kaluga, yuav tsum pom thaum mus ncig thawj hnub. Cov xim ntawm kab lis kev cai puv nrog nws txoj kev nplua nuj, kev zoo nkauj thiab kev zoo nkauj thaum mus xyuas qhov chaw no. Saum toj no yog daim duab thaum ntxov ntawm Kaluga pom - Gostiny Dvor.
Kirov Street
Nyob rau thaum ub, txoj kev ris lub npe Sennaya, raws li yav dhau los lub laub nrog nees loaded quav nyab feem ntau dhau los ntawm nws. Txoj kev yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub nroog, uas khaws ntau qhov pom ntawm Kaluga. Cov tsev qub ntawm cov tub lag luam tau yuav tawm rau cov chaw ua haujlwm, khw thiab ntau lub tsev hauv nroog. Ntawm txoj kev muaj ntau yam kos duab thiab keeb kwm hauv zos thiab cov tsev khaws puav pheej. Muaj ntau qhov chaw nco txog hauv nroog, tab sis yog tias koj xav pom txhua yam nthuav dav hauv ib hnub, qhov pom ntawm Kaluga, uas yog qhov tsim nyog mus xyuas, yog Kirov Street.
Regional Drama Theatre
Governor M. Krechetnikov yog tus hlub ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. Thiab kev tsim ua yeeb yam hauv cheeb tsam no yog nws lub tswv yim. Lub tsev raug puas tsuaj los ntawm hluav taws ob zaug. Lub sijhawm thib peb tau raug hluav taws kub hauv Great Patriotic War. Tom qab ua tsov ua rog, kev kho dua tshiab thiab kho dua tshiab, thiab lub tsev no tau muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no.
Museum of Fine Arts
Lub tsev cia puav pheej yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm thaj av Kaluga. Nws khaws ib tug ntau ntawm paintings nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, uas tus kws kho mob N. I. Vasiliev qhia los ntawm nws sau. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom cov duab kos los ntawm cov kws kos duab Lavxias thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam European. Cov khoom pov thawj nto moo yog cov duab los ntawm Aivazovsky, Voila, Mokritsky, Rubens, Dillens.
Shamorda Monastery
Tus poj niam zoo nkauj zoo siab nrog nws txoj kev zoo nkauj thiab kev zoo nkauj. Kev tsim kho nyob hauv ib thaj chaw loj heev thiab nyob ze ntawm lub zos Shamordino. Ntau tshaj peb puas tus tub qhe ntawm Vajtswv nyob hauv nws, lub tsev kho mob thiab tsev menyuam ntsuag ua haujlwm.
Yachinsky reservoir
Yog tias koj xav tias yuav pom dab tsi hauv Kaluga los ntawm qhov pom, ces lub pas dej yog qhov chaw zoo. Ib qho chaw uas sib koom ua ke nrog ntuj, nws txoj kev zoo nkauj thiab kev nplua nuj. Qhov no yog ib qho khoom siv reservoir tsim los ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. Nws hu ua Kaluga Hiav Txwv. Lub reservoir tau nrov vim muaj qhov tshwm sim nthuav: thaum muaj cua daj cua dub hauv thaj av Kaluga, xob laim tshwm sim ntawm lub pas dej tas li nyob rau tib qhov chaw. Ib qho txawv txawv ntuj tshwm sim tau txaus siab rau ntau tus neeg ncig tebchaws thiab cov kws tshawb fawb. Qhov tshwm sim no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tus nqi hluav taws xob siab dhau los ntawm dej, thiab nws yog tus uas nyiam xob laim.
Sights of Kaluga. Yuav pom dab tsi hauv 1 hnub?
Cov neeg hauv zos qhia kom yuav tsum tau mus ntsib:
- Tsiolkovsky Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Keeb Kwm ntawm Cosmonautics.
- pob zeb choj.
- Qhov chaw nyob.
- Gostiny Dvor.
- Kirov Street.
- Kaluga Regional Drama Theatre.
- Kaluga Regional Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Local Lore.
- Kaluga Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Fine Arts.
- Museum of K. E. Tsiolkovsky.
- Museum of A. L. Chizhevsky.
- Building masters.
- Cov tub lag luam cov chav ntawm Korobovs.
- Cathedral of the Life-Giving Trinity.
- Temple ntawm Cosmas thiab Damian.
- Church of the Protection of the Holy Mother of Vajtswv.
- St. George Church.
- Cathedral ntawm John the Baptist.
- Shamorda Monastery.
- SquareYeej.
- Kev sib haum xeeb Square.
- Monument to the 600th birthday of Kaluga.
- Park named after K. E. Tsiolkovsky.
- Park of Culture and Leisure.
- Golden Alley Square.
- Yachinsky reservoir.
Nws yuav zoo yog tias koj tseem tuaj yeem mus xyuas cov khoom no hauv Kaluga!
