pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg tau cim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab architectural style, ib tug ntawm cov yam ntxwv nta uas yog siv cov dluab ntawm noog, tsiaj txhu, ornaments thiab nroj tsuag qiv los ntawm sab qaum teb folklore. nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm sab nrauv. Lawv coj lub rooj txhawb siab tseem ceeb rau lub tsev loj thiab austere ntawm St. Cov style ntawm architecture, uas txuas ntxiv cov kev cai romantic ntawm Swedish thiab Finnish kab lig kev cai, hu ua "sab qaum teb niaj hnub". Nws cov tsos tau yooj yim los ntawm kev txhawb nqa tseem ceeb ntawm Russia txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog Sweden thiab Finland. Hauv kev kos duab ntawm cov tebchaws no, cov qauv tseem ceeb yog romanticism, nquag siv cov phiaj xwm los ntawm epics thiab fairy tales.
Kab lus no qhia peb txog qhov kaj monuments ntawm Northern Art Nouveau nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm St. Petersburg.
Style signs
Lub ntsiab sab nraudCov cim qhia ntawm sab qaum teb niaj hnub architecture yog kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim thiab khoom tsim, xaiv nrog kev txawj ntse. Ntawm no, txhua qhov khoom tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev nyob ib sab mus rau lwm qhov.
Finnish granite feem ntau siv hauv plinth cladding. Sab qaum teb niaj hnub style muab rau nws cov kev ua haujlwm ntxhib, muaj cov khoom zoo nkauj hewn thiab cov duab puab. Lub dav hlau ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm cov plag tsev sab saud yog them nrog cov cib tiav los yog ib txheej ntawm plastered textured.
Ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsev, ornaments sawv tawm, tshwm sim los ntawm cov duab ntawm sab qaum teb cov dab neeg - nws cov tsiaj thiab cov tsiaj. Qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov nquag siv majolica thiab cov vuas xim ceramic.
Cov duab ntawm lub tsev ua nyob rau sab qaum teb niaj hnub style yog qhov loj heev, tsis muaj cov khoom me me hauv architecture.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev ntxhib los mos thiab cov duab, ntau lub qhov rais qhib, lawv ua ke nrog cov piers thiab cov suab nrov ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm cov tsev ua nyob rau sab qaum teb niaj hnub style, hauv St. centuries thiab sab qaum teb rocky toj roob hauv pes.
Northern Art Nouveau nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm St. Petersburg tsis yog dav, tab sis tseem yog ib tug ntawm cov brightest nplooj ntawv nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm dacha siv nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th yog txuam nrog nws. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev taw qhia, uas tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv thaj av no, yog kev siv cov khoom siv ntuj - ntoo thiab pob zeb, stylization ntawm pej xeem motifs.architecture ntawm sab qaum teb thiab Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tsev sab nrauv nrog cov toj roob hauv pes ib puag ncig.
Northern niaj hnub hauv St. Petersburg: keeb kwm
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov qauv hauv St. Petersburg tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm Finnish, Swedish thiab neo-romantic architecture.
Tus kws kos duab uas tau taug kev los ntawm Nordic lub teb chaws mus rau St. Petersburg yog Sergei Diaghilev, uas tau teeb tsa kev nthuav qhia ntawm Scandinavian cov kws ua yeeb yam hauv xyoo 1897 ntawm Baron Stieglitz lub tsev kawm ntawv kev kos duab. Tom qab ntawd, Scandinavian motifs tau khaws los ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev uas pib tsim tsev hauv St. Petersburg hauv ib qho style uas tsis tau pom dua ua ntej.
Nws paub tias Friedrich (Fyodor) Lidval, yog ib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Swedish diaspora nyob rau sab qaum teb lub peev, yog tus coj ntawm cov tswv yim style los ntawm qhov qub.
Raws li nws cov haujlwm hauv St. Petersburg nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1901-1907. cov tsev tau tsim los ua lwm txoj hauv kev sib kis ntawm Austrian thiab German versions ntawm Art Nouveau hauv nroog.
Cov kws tshaj lij ceeb toom txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov qauv tsim qauv ntawm tus kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm cov duab loj hauv Swedish neo-romanticism li Boberg thiab Klasson.
Ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tsim ntawm sab qaum teb niaj hnub style nyob rau theem pib tau tsim los ntawm cov tsev tsim los ntawm R. Meltzer ntawm Kamenny Island. Tom qab ntawd, kev cuam tshuam ntawm Finnish motifs ntawm cov style ntawm architecture tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb. Cov tsev tseem ceeb ntawm xyoo 1907, xws li Putilova lub tsev ntawm Bolshoy Prospekt. Petrograd sab (kev ua hauj lwm ntawm kws kes duab vajtse I. Pretro), thiab lub tsev ntawm lub tuam txhab pov hwm "Russia" ntawm txoj kev. Bol. Maritime(cov hauj lwm ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse G. Gimpel), tam sim no cov cim qhia ncaj qha ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lawv cov npoj yaig Finnish - L. Sonk thiab E. Saarinen. Qhov no, txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov kws tshaj lij tau lees paub, tsis suav txog tus kheej thiab kev ua yeeb yam zoo ntawm cov haujlwm no.
Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm thawj xyoo caum ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, Northern Art Nouveau nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg tau los ua lub ntsiab architectural qauv uas nyiam nyiam cov hluas architects. Lub ntsiab achievements ntawm N. Vasiliev, ib tug qub adherent ntawm romanticism, yog txuam nrog rau lub sij hawm no, nyob rau hauv uas nws ua hauj lwm ib tug neeg lub zeem muag ntawm style yuav taug qab. Lub ntsiab lus sab qaum teb yeej tshaj oriental motifs nyob rau hauv lub facade ntawm lub tsev ntawm A. Bubyr (Stremyannaya txoj kev), thiab nyob rau hauv lub kawg project ntawm lub Cathedral Mosque, thiab nyob rau hauv ib co lwm lub tsev.
Nyob rau yav tom ntej, Northern modernism raug thuam, feem ntau ntawm chauvinistic xwm. Neoclassicism, uas yog positioned raws li ib tug tiag tiag lub teb chaws (Imperial) style, ua raws li ib tug lwm txoj rau lub thiaj li hu ua Chukhonian modernity. Thiab tseem muaj ntau thiab ntau lub tsev nyob rau sab qaum teb niaj hnub style. Kev kho kom zoo nkauj yav dhau los tau muab txoj hauv kev rau kev xav.
Cov khoom me me thiab cov duab puab décor, tsim cov duab romantic, tau hloov los ntawm cov yas sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom loj ntawm lub ntsej muag - balconies, bay windows, ru tsev silhouettes. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nthuav, raws li cov kws txawj, tenement tsev nyob rau sab qaum teb niaj hnub style, ua nyob rau hauv 1910-1915. (tus kws kes duab vajtse A. Bubyr).
Tus sawv cev
Northern Art Nouveau hauv St. Petersburg yog sawv cev los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev cojarchitects:
- YVladimir Apyshkov;
- Aleksey Bubyr;
- Nikolay Vasiliev;
- Alexandra Zelenko;
- Fyodor Lidval;
- Georgy Makaev;
- Hippolita Pretro.
Northern Art Nouveau tsev, St. Petersburg: TOP 5 lub tsev nto moo tshaj plaws
Tsim nyog taug kev ntawm txoj kev virtual no, nteg tawm los ntawm cov neeg nyiam ntawm cov qauv zoo nkauj. Nws ua rau cov tuam tsev nto moo tshaj plaws ua nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv Northern Art Nouveau style thiab qhia lawv txog lawv keeb kwm. Cov tsev no yog nplooj ntawv ci ntsa iab hauv phau ntawv teev npe ntawm lub nroog qhov chaw nyiam.
Bubyr lub tsev ntawm txoj kev. Stremyanoy, 11
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, St. Petersburg kws kes duab vajtse Alexei Bubyr tau txais ntawm txoj kev. Strepy cheeb tsam nrog cov tsev. Ua ke nrog tus kws kes duab vajtse N. Vasiliev, tus tswv pib tsim lub tsev tsev, nyob rau hauv uas nws npaj yuav nyob nrog nws tsev neeg, thiab xauj tawm tag nrho cov chav tsev thiab chav. Lub tsev tau txais koob meej sai sai thiab dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov kev nyiam tshiab. Cov neeg taug kev los ntawm kev xav tsis thoob thiab zoo siab los ntawm cov duab kos duab zoo nkauj kho kom zoo nkauj nws lub ntsej muag. Dab tsi ntawm cov tsiaj tsis tuaj yeem pom ntawm nws cov phab ntsa: crows, ntses, cov nroj tsuag zoo heev, cov tsiaj txawv txawv los ntawm cov dab neeg thiab cov dab neeg. Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev tau muab rau cov duab ntawm lub hnub, zoo li yog tsim los teeb lub ntsiab ntawm lub tsev, tig mus rau sab qaum teb: lub hnub sov sov tsis txhob poob ntawm no.
Kev tsim kho txuas ntxiv tau ob xyoos. Xyoo 1907, cov neeg tshiab tau pib nyob ntawm no. Thaum kawgrau pem teb, tus kws kes duab vajtse nws tus kheej nrog nws tsev neeg.
Style nta hauv lub tsev ntawm Stremyannaya
Lub tsev no majestic, towering hla Stremyannaya Street, yog ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm Northern Art Nouveau: tus kws kes duab vajtse Vasiliev, tus neeg ua yeeb yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub ntsiab façade, sib txuas ntau yam uas sau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab sights thiab Mediterranean monuments.
Kev ua tiav ntawm lub qhov rais bay ua rau cov neeg saib thiab ua rau muaj kev koom tes nrog cov domes ntawm Novgorod cathedrals, cov kab teeb ci ntsa iab ntawm ob sab ntawm txoj kev thiab nkag. Lub tsev yog nco txog cov drawbridges ua rau medieval castles, thiab hnub ci cov paib, ib txhij them tribute rau European thiab Lavxias teb sab architecture, tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov laj kab hlau thiab plaster.
Txoj hmoo tom tsev
Bubyr yog tus tswv tsev mus txog rau xyoo 1919, tom qab lub kiv puag ncig nws tau tawm mus rau Ukraine, qhov twg tsis ntev nws lub neej raug txiav luv luv.
Lub tsev tseem nyob hauv nws qhov chaw thiab, zoo li ntau lwm cov vaj tsev monuments, tau pom ntau heev. Lub tsev ciaj sia nyob rau hauv lub tshav kub ntawm kiv puag ncig, tsov rog thiab perestroika. Nws muaj sijhawm pom cov pej xeem legendary ntawm nws cov neeg nyob hauv: chav tsev qub ntawm tus kws tsim vaj tsev tau muab faib ua vaj tsev nyob, tus naas ej Eduard Khil nyob ntawm no. Tom qab ntawd, lub Elf café tau qhib nyob rau hauv lub tsev, nyob rau hauv uas cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Leningrad underground, uas tau txais koob meej nrov, nyiam mus sau: Viktor Tsoi thiab Boris Grebenshchikov. Twb paub tias kev tua zaj movie "Nkauj Noog Hawj" tau ua nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm lub tsev no.
"Tolstovsky Lub Tsev" (lub tsev muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm suav Tolstoy M. P.)st. Rubinstein, 15-17
Lub tsev 6-storey loj no hu ua "lub nroog hauv ib lub nroog" vim li cas. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws qhov kev teeb tsa yog qhov muaj peb lub tshav puam txuas nrog cov kab lus, uas tsim ib thaj chaw nyob tiag tiag thiab zoo li cov neeg nyob hauv ib qho chaw cais tawm ntawm lwm lub nroog: cov vaj tsev no muaj qhov chaw zoo kawg nkaus, thiab lawv kuj muaj lawv qhov chaw tshwj xeeb.. Tus kws kes duab vajtse yog Fyodor Lidval, tus neeg siv khoom tsim lub tsev loj heev yog Major General Count M. Tolstoy, tus neeg koom nrog hauv kev ua tsov rog Lavxias-Turkish (1877-1878).
Lidval nyiam siv cov ntsiab lus tshwm sim los ntawm Renaissance hauv nws cov haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm Tolstoy lub tsev, ib tug yuav nrhiav tau dav loggias nyob rau hauv lub Upper pem teb, Renaissance archways. Kev kho kom zoo nkauj yog txhob txwm txwv: tsuas yog cov vases zoo nkauj ntawm tes ntawm cupids sawv hauv niches adorn lub porches.
Lub tsev tau xeeb los ua vaj tsev rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua chav kawm: ob qho tib si luxurious chav tsev, amazingly kim, thiab kev xaiv nyiaj txiag me me tau muab ntawm no. Cov txheej txheem suav nrog elevator, ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab kav dej.
Lub tsev no tuaj yeem suav tias yog tus tuav ntaub ntawv rau cov naj npawb ntawm cov neeg muaj koob npe nyob hauv nws lub sijhawm sib txawv, ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm npe hu ua tus kws sau ntawv Alexander Kuprin, tus kws kos duab Mikhail Shemyakin, tus ntaus pob Irina Kolpakova, kws sau ntawv thiab sau xov xwm Arkady Averchenko, Revolutionary kws sau paj lug Vasily Knyazev thiab ntau lwm tus. Hauv qee lub tshav puam ntawm Tolstoy lub tsev ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawvtxhua hnub ib tug yuav pom A. Akhmatova, I. Brodsky, S. Dovlatov, A. Rosenbaum, V. Gergiev, A. Raikin, A. Freindlich, O. Basilashvili, M. Boyarsky thiab L. Luppian mus xyuas lossis rov qab los tsev.. Lub tshav puam thiab sab nrauv ntawm lub tsev nws tus kheej feem ntau tau ua qhov scenery rau kev ua yeeb yaj kiab: Txoj Kev Lom Zem ntawm Sherlock Holmes thiab Dr. Watson, Lub Caij Ntuj Sov Cherry, Yug Los Ntawm Kev Tawm Tsam thiab Gangster Petersburg tau ua yeeb yaj kiab ntawm no.
Sugarloaf (E. G. Vollenweider lub tsev loj) ntawm Grand Alley, 13
Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt muaj npe nrov rau nws txoj kev nplua nuj ntawm cov vaj tsev monuments hauv Northern Art Nouveau style. Qhov no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tshwm sim nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm lub tsev loj, muaj los ntawm ib tug pej xeem Swiss, tus kws txiav txim plaub thiab tus tswv ntawm lub tsev hais plaub imperial, E. Vollenweider. Lub tsev loj yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm sab qaum teb Art Nouveau, tab sis txawv ntawm tus so hauv neo-Gothic ntsiab. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lub tsev yog ib qho kev sim version, uas yog qhov pib ntawm kev coj ntawm sab qaum teb niaj hnub uas nyuam qhuav tshwm sim hauv nroog architecture.
tsev
Kev txiav txim siab stylistic ntawm lub tsev rov qab mus rau cov kev cai ntawm Scandinavian thiab Finnish romanticism. Nws yog qhov txawv los ntawm nws cov monumentality thiab simplicity ntawm ntim, qhov loj ntawm tus pej thuam, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub tsev pheeb suab ntaub. Cov phab ntsa dawb stucco sib piv nrog cov vuas ru tsev liab thiab grey granite plinth. Nrog nws cov tsos sab nrauv, lub tsev zoo li qub Scandinavian tsev fuabtais lossis ib lub tsev Art Nouveau, dav.muaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th.
Ntxim qab kawg, thaum lub tsev tau tsim, cov neeg tam sim ntawd dubbed nws "Sugarloaf" - feem ntau yuav yog vim lub teeb xim ntawm plaster thiab elongated duab ntawm lub dome. Nws yog paub tias tom qab lub kiv puag ncig muaj ib tug sanatorium nyob rau hauv lub tsev loj. Hnub no lub tsev loj yog nyob ntawm Danish Consulate.
About I. M. Lidval lub tsev muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt, 1/3
Nws paub tias xyoo 1898 qhov chaw ntawm Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt tau txais los ntawm leej niam ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse F. Lidval. Lub tsev yog tus kws kes duab vajtse thawj txoj haujlwm ywj pheej. Ib tug txheej txheem tshiab ntawm tus sau, yav tas los tsis paub nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg architecture, yog qhov kev npaj ntawm ib tug loj pem hauv ntej tshav puam, dav qhib rau txoj kev. Qhov kev nthuav dav no, atypical rau cov tsev nyob hauv St. Petersburg, xyuas kom meej tias muaj ntau lub teeb nkag mus rau hauv cov tsev.
Ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm Art Nouveau, tus kws sau ntawv tau siv lub pob nyem nyem, uas nws tau dai kom zoo nkauj lub hauv paus portal, thiab stamped hnub ua tiav ntawm lub tsev no - "1902". Nyob rau sab xis ntawm lub hnub yog ib tsob ntoo ntoo nrog cones, nyob ze uas koj tuaj yeem pom cov noog hav zoov sim peck ntawm ib tug hare zaum ntawm nws. Tom qab daim duab ntawm ib tug hare, nws eared khub pom tau khiav tawm ntawm hav zoov thicket. Nyob rau sab laug ntawm hnub tim, koj tuaj yeem qhuas cov duab ntawm lub taub hau ntawm ib tug lynx nrog nws lub qhov ncauj qhib, thiab ib tug plas nrog tis tis perched ntawm ib ceg nyob ze.
Sab nrauv tawm tsam nrog ntau cov duab ntawm lizards, ntses loj, cov txiv ntoo qus,ya agaric, tulips, thiab lwm yam. Lub xub ntiag ntawm ntau yam bay qhov rais thiab balconies, qhov rais qhib crowned nrog dluab ntawm fauna thiab flora attracts lub qhov muag. Cov yam ntxwv stylistic no tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias lub tsev tau hais nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm architecture. Ntawm qhov kev sib tw thawj zaug rau "qhov zoo tshaj plaws facades" hauv St. Petersburg (1907), tus kws kos duab ua haujlwm tau txais txiaj ntsig.
Ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv tsev tseem ceeb yog tsev neeg Lidval, tus kws kos duab K. Petrov-Vodkin, tus ua yeeb yam Y. Yuryev.
"Lub Tsev nrog Owls" (T. N. Putilova lub tsev tsev) ntawm Bolshoy Prospekt P. S., 44
Lub tsev tshuav nws lub npe tsis raug cai rau cov duab puab ntawm cov plas uas dai nws lub ntsej muag. Lub tsev tau tsim thaum xyoo 1906 thiab 1907. Nws tus sau yog tus kws kes duab vajtse Ippolit Pretro, yog ib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm St. Petersburg sab qaum teb niaj hnub style. Lub tsev tau tsim rau cov tub lag luam Putilova, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog tus tswv ntawm ib lub khw muag khoom ntawm Vasilyevsky Island.
Lub tsev kos xim rau nws tus kheej nrog kev kos duab, qhov rais ntawm ntau yam duab: dav, nqaim, luv, ntev. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus neeg saib pom pom muaj lub qhov rais uas muaj qhov rais, muaj kev nplua nuj ntawm ornamentation, nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov duab kos los ntawm sab qaum teb flora, fauna thiab folklore. Owl House yog ib qho chaw nto moo hauv nroog. Thaum tsis muaj cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj, lub tsev tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib qho yooj yim monolithic thaiv, sab hauv uas muaj ib lub vaj zoo. Tab sis lub xub ntiag ntawm thawj architraves, balconies thiab dluab ntawm zoo kawg nkaus creatures ua lub facade ntawm lub tsev.unforgettable tiag tiag. Nws yog "Lub Tsev nrog Owls" uas suav hais tias yog lub cim ntawm Northern Art Nouveau style. Nyob rau hauv 1912, lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Pretro tau txais ib tug nyiaj puav pheej ntawm kev sib tw rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws facades. Lub sijhawm ntawd, qhov no txhais tau tias kev paub txog kev txawj ntse ntawm tus sau.
Ntawm rooj txhawb siab ntawm kab lig kev cai
Rau qhov zoo siab ntawm txhua tus neeg nyiam noj mov thiab cov kiv cua ntawm cov zaub mov qab thiab noj qab haus huv, tsis ntev dhau los lub tsev noj mov "Northern Modern" tau qhib hauv cheeb tsam Petrogradsky. Lub npe ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv nco txog ib lub sijhawm uas tau pom zoo los ntawm kev loj hlob tsis tau pom dua ntawm Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg, nrog rau cov paj uas tsis tau muaj dua los ntawm kev kos duab, kab lis kev cai thiab cov tswv yim lag luam tshiab.
Lub npe qhia txog tus tswv txoj kev nkag siab txog qhov xav tau kev txhawb nqa thiab txhawb kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws. Lub tsev ntawm lub tsev noj mov adjoins lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub "PetroCongress" nyob. Lub exquisite sab nrauv thiab sab hauv ntawm lub tsev yog nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog originality ntawm nws cov zaub mov, uas yog dominated los ntawm cov tais diav ntawm pre-revolutionary cuisine.
