Saur-Mogila: keeb kwm, monument, mound thiab qhov chaw nyob ntawm daim ntawv qhia. Saur-Mogila nyob qhov twg?

2024 Tus sau: Harold Hamphrey | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:14

Tau ntau pua xyoo, cov lus dab neeg, dab neeg, cov nkauj pej xeem thiab cov suab paj nruag hais txog Saur-Mogila barrow tau raug xa mus. Lub qub qub monument no tau pom ntau yam zoo siab thiab tu siab nyob rau hauv nws lub neej. Kev ua siab loj thiab kev ua siab loj ntawm cov neeg, nrog rau cov neeg txawj ntse tiv thaiv ntawm lawv thaj av, tau hais hauv pej xeem ballads. Txog niaj hnub no, tsis paub tseeb tias lub npe no tuaj ntawm qhov twg. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau sib cav tias Saur yog lub npe ntawm tus neeg uas tiv thaiv kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos, tab sis, uas tseem ua tau, nws kuj yog Cossack. Cov cheeb tsam no hauv cheeb tsam Donetsk raug tua los ntawm Tatars, thiab nws tsis muaj hmoo thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Niaj hnub no Saur-Mogila yog ib tug kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm monument ntawm Ukraine.

Qhov chaw ntawm mound

Saur-Mogila yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj ntawm Donetsk Ridge, nws nyob hauv Shakhtersky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cheeb tsam Donetsk. Qhov siab ntawm lub mound saum toj no hiav txwv theem yog hais txog 278 m. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, ib tug Cossack ncej tau nruab rau nws sab saum toj, ces lub Mius Front twb fortified. Lub memorial complex twb tau tsim nyob rau ntawm notom qab kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj. Lub mound Saur-Mogila yog ib tug seem ntawm ib tug spur ntawm lub Donetsk Ridge. Nws feem ntau muaj cov xuab zeb, hauv qee qhov chaw suav nrog cov pob zeb siv lead ua pom.

Saur-Mogila nyob rau ntawm qhov tiaj, yog vim li cas nws tuaj yeem pom ntawm qhov deb txog li 40 m. Nyob rau hauv tshav ntuj huab cua, koj tuaj yeem pom Hiav Txwv Azov los ntawm lub mound, txawm hais tias nws yog 90 km deb. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias cov neeg nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub niaj hnub Donetsk cheeb tsam raws li thaum ntxov raws li lub thib ob xyoo txhiab BC, vim hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no lub Upper ib feem ntawm Saur-Mohyla yog poured. Cov pab pawg neeg ntawm Srubna kab lis kev cai ua ib lub mound txog 4 m siab thiab yuav luag 32 m txoj kab uas hla.

Npe lub mound

Raws li qee qhov chaw, "saur", lossis "savur", yog Turkic keeb kwm (los ntawm lo lus "sauyr"), nws txhais tau tias "steppe qhov siab nrog ib puag ncig saum". Ib pawg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau nyiam ntseeg tias lub pob zeb tau muaj npe tom qab ib pawg neeg ntawm Sarmatians lossis Savromats. Tab sis pej xeem kev kos duab tau khaws ntau cov lus dab neeg thiab zaj nkauj txog tus txiv neej Saura. Nws yog tib neeg txoj kev ua pauj, yog Cossack uas tau tuag ntawm tes ntawm Crimean Tatars, tiv thaiv nws cov neeg los ntawm kev ua cev qhev.

Ancient times

Cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom qhov faus thiab nrhiav pom ib lub faus neeg rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 2 xyoo BC. e., lub sijhawm ntawm Srubna kab lis kev cai. Leej twg tsuas yog tsis nyob rau hauv cov khoom no. Sarmatians, Scythians, Khazars, Huns, Bulgarians, Cumans, Pechenegs, Mongol-Tatars - tag nrho cov neeg no ib zaug nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub niaj hnub Donetsk cheeb tsam. Tau ntevtsis muaj leej twg nyob ntawm no. Lub silence ntawm qhov kawg steppes tau qee zaus tawg los ntawm kev quaj ntawm tub sab tsav cov qhev, hordes ntawm nomads, creak ntawm Chumat lub laub thiab pab tsiaj qus. Tag nrho lub sij hawm no, Saur-Mogila sawv untouched. Nyob qhov twg lub monument nyob rau niaj hnub no, lub Cossacks ua ib tug saib xyuas nyob rau ntawd, thiab lawv tus kheej mastered nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov chaw. Nws nyob ntawm no uas muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov neeg Ukrainians thiab Tatars.

Saur-Mogila thaum lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Loj Loj

Tau ob xyoos, thaj chaw nyob ib puag ncig lub toj roob hauv pes tau nyob los ntawm cov neeg German. Nws nyob ntawm no los ntawm 1941 txog 1943 cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm thawj kab ntawm Mius Front tau tsim. Lub Saur-Mogila nws tus kheej yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau cov neeg German. Ib qho kev soj ntsuam tshaj tawm tau raws li nws sab saum toj. Nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm lub mound, German tub rog teeb tsa dugouts, bunkers, reels, khawb armored kaus mom nrog hluav taws riam phom. Mortars, flamethrower tanks, thiab artillery pieces tau siv los tiv thaiv qhov siab.

Cov tub rog Soviet tau ntsib teeb meem - lawv yuav tsum tau tawm tsam los ntawm txoj kab nqes hav, thaum cov Germans tuaj yeem siv lub siab mos, uas txhais tau tias lawv tuaj yeem siv cov tsheb muaj zog thiab lub ntsiab. Saur-Mohyla, cheeb tsam Donetsk, pib cua daj cua dub thaum Lub Yim Hli 28, 1943, tus chij liab tau nce mus rau sab saum toj thaum hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Yim Hli 29-30, tab sis thaum kawg cov neeg Lavxias tau nce siab rau lub Yim Hli 31. Lub 96th Guards Rifle Division, 295th, 293rd, 291st Rifle Regiments, 34th Guards Rifle Division, thiab units ntawm 127th Division tau koom nrog hauv kev ntes. Lub ubiquitous "Katyushas" thiab npog los ntawm "Ils" muab kev pab tsis muaj nuj nqis rau cov tub rog. Thaum noj qhov siabntau tus tsim nyog, cov tub rog siab tawv thiab cov tub ceev xwm tau tuag, ntau tus ntawm lawv tau raug txiav txim siab tom qab.

Thawj Monument

Twb tom qab kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, thawj lub cim nco txog tau tshwm sim ntawm Saur-Mogila. Nws yog 6-meter limestone pyramid nrog rau sab saum toj hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub hnub qub liab. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub monument, lub platform ciam teb los ntawm cov saw hlau tau nruab, ntawm cov ces kaum ntawm cov cannons sab laug tom qab kev tawm tsam tau muab tso rau. Kuj tseem muaj daim ntawv sau npe cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov tub rog uas tuag thaum nce siab.

Second Memorial

Nyob rau xyoo 1960, Union of Architects ntawm thaj av Donetsk tau txiav txim siab tshaj tawm kev sib tw rau kev tsim lub monument tshiab. 37 pab pawg muaj tswv yim los ntawm thoob plaws RSFSR tau ua lawv cov lus pom zoo, qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws tau thov los ntawm lub koom haum Kyiv. Ua tsaug rau Ukrainian architects, nws tau txais ib qho tshiab, txhim kho Saur-Mogila memorial. Lub monument tau tsim nrog cov nyiaj ntawm cov miners uas tau muab lawv cov nyiaj ua haujlwm txhua hnub. Cov nyiaj tau los ntawm Komsomol cov tswv cuab ntawm cov nroog ze ntawm Shakhtyorsk, Torez thiab Snezhny.

Kev qhib kev nco txog tau tshwm sim thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1967. Ntau tshaj 300 txhiab tus neeg tuaj sib sau ua ke ua kev nco txog cov tub rog poob. Cov koom haum ntawm Soviet Army, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov koom haum pej xeem, thiab cov qub tub rog tuaj ntawm thoob plaws lub USSR. Saur-Mogila zoo li cas thaum ntawd? Cov duab ntawm 60s tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no. Nyob rau sab saum toj, muaj 36-meter reinforced pob zeb obelisk, lined nrog granite. Nyob rau hauv nws, lub organizers teem ib chav tsev ntawm cov tub rog muaj koob meej, nyob rau hauvuas tau sau cov duab qhia chaw, ntawv xov xwm nrog cov ntawv tshaj tawm cuam tshuam los ntawm lub sijhawm ua tsov ua rog, portraits thiab cov duab ntawm cov neeg koom nrog qhov siab. Ib qho kev soj ntsuam sab saud kuj tau tsim.

Nyob ntawm ko taw ntawm obelisk, ib daim duab puab 9-meter ntawm ib tug tub rog raug ntsia, ntsia rau sab hnub poob thiab tuav rab phom tshuab ntawm nws sab tes xis tsa. Tus tub rog hnav lub kaus mom, cov plag tsev uas flutter nyob rau hauv cov cua. Cov duab puab yog ua los ntawm cam khwb cia hlau, nyob rau hauv 1975 lub Eternal Flame tau teeb nyob ze nws. Muaj ob txoj hauv kev mus rau obelisk. Ib txoj kev tau nteg los ntawm cov pioneers los ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub USSR, thiab lub thib ob los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm hero nroog. Cov tswv cuab Komsomol cog paj ntoo thiab maples ntawm txoj kev mus rau lub mound. Tsuas yog cov neeg uas nce toj lub stairs dav yuav pom Saur-Mogila nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws lub yeeb koob.

Keeb kwm ntawm cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai no tau khaws cia ntawm plaub kab rov tav sib ntaus sib tua pylons. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau mob siab rau qee yam ntawm cov tub rog: artillerymen, infantry, aviation, tankmen. Tag nrho cov siab reliefs, compositions thiab inscriptions yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tiag tiag. Cov pylons piav qhia tsis yog cov cim tsis tseeb, tab sis cov tub rog thiab cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cov tub rog Soviet. Nyob rau ntawm taw ntawm Saur-Mogila muaj ib qho kev soj ntsuam qis dua, uas muaj kev pom zoo kawg nkaus ntawm tag nrho cov memorial complex. Nws muaj cov khoom siv phom loj uas tau khaws cia txij li thaum tsov rog, nto moo Katyushas, tank, thiab mortars. Muaj ib lub helipad nyob saum toj kawg nkaus.

Kev ua koob tsheej ze Saur-Mogila

Txhua tus tshiablyweds los ntawm Torez thiab Snezhnoye tom qab lub tshoob ceremony mus rau mound ncesab saum toj, nteg paj ntawm lub monument, yog li hwm lub cim xeeb ntawm cov tub rog poob. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, nws yog nyob rau hauv Saur-Mogila uas Komsomol daim pib raug muab rau cov tub ntxhais hluas. Cov neeg coob coob tuaj sib sau ua ke nyob ze ntawm lub monument ob zaug hauv ib xyoos: Hnub Donbass Liberation (September 8) thiab Hnub Yeej (Tsib Hlis 9). Hmoov tsis zoo, kev tsim kho kev tsim kho, nrog rau kev mus xyuas ntau rau lub mound, tau ua rau nws cov ecosystem puas tsuaj loj. Yog tias yav dhau los cov steppes tau overgrown nrog feather nyom, tam sim no lawv npog nrog cov nroj tsuag.

Saur-Grave in folklore

Ntau cov lus dab neeg hais txog keeb kwm ntawm lub mound tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog zaj dab neeg ntawm Cossack Saur, los yog Savka, uas yog tus saib xyuas ntawm Cossack tus neeg saib xyuas, nruab rau saum lub embankment. Cov tub rog nco txog cov Tatars thiab tsis muaj sijhawm los teeb qhov hluav taws kub hauv lub sijhawm. Cov tub ceev xwm nrog kev tu siab tau teeb hluav taws hauv ib nrab thiab rov qab los, tab sis Saur tsis tuaj yeem tawm ntawm qhov chaw, uas nws them nrog nws lub neej. Lub embankment nws tus kheej pib loj hlob tom qab ntawd, yog li rov qab Cossacks pom lawv tus tij laug nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub mound. Nyob ntawd lawv faus nws, thiab nrog lawv lub kaus mom lawv ua ib lub ncov loj dua.

Ukrainian lus dab neeg kuj khaws cov lus dab neeg ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, siab tawv neeg ua liaj ua teb Saura. Pan ua phem rau nws tus nkauj nyab, yog li ntawd tus tub hluas mus rau hauv hav zoov los ua ib tug neeg ua pauj. Ua ntej, nws tau nrog nws tus neeg ua txhaum. Saur tua lub lauj kaub thiab tua hluav taws rau nws lub cuab tam, ces nws nyiag tag nrho cov nplua nuj, faib lawv cov nyiaj txiag rau cov neeg pluag. Thaum nws tuag, tus phab ej tau muab faus rau saum lub barrow.

Saur-Mogila yog keeb kwm monumentUkraine

Rau ntau centuries lub npe nrov barrow tseem nyob rau hauv lub tsom teeb. Tau ntau xyoo, Saur-Mogila tau txais cov lus dab neeg tshiab thiab cov xwm txheej. Nws tuaj yeem pom tau yooj yim ntawm daim duab qhia chaw, lub embankment nyob ze ntawm lub zos Saurovka, tsis deb ntawm lub nroog Shakhtersk. Niaj hnub no, lub memorial complex, nrog rau lub mound nws tus kheej, muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm txoj cai. Cov lus dab neeg Saur-Mohyla tau raug tshaj tawm tias yog ib qho chaw qub txeeg qub teg thiab tus phab ej ntawm cov neeg Ukrainian.