Registan Square hauv Samarkand: duab thiab piav qhia, keeb kwm

2024 Tus sau: Harold Hamphrey | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:14

Registan Square hauv Samarkand yog qhov chaw kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm thiab lub plawv ntawm lub nroog nrog keeb kwm ntau txhiab xyoo. Nws tsim tau pib thaum tig ntawm 14th-15th centuries thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau hnub no. Lub koom txoos ntawm peb madrasahs zoo nkauj ntawm Sherdor, Ulugbek thiab Tillya-Kari, uas yog ib qho tsis zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Persian architecture, yog cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntiaj teb. Txij li xyoo 2001, lub tsev tsim vaj tsev tau nyob hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm UNESCO.

Kev piav qhia

Muaj ntau lub nroog nrog thaj tsam Registan hauv Central Asia, tab sis nws yog Samarkand uas yog qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam. Nws yog nyob rau hauv keeb kwm centre ntawm Samarkand, ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv Uzbekistan.

Daim duab ntawm Registan Square yog qhov zoo nkauj, ntawm ib sab, nrog nws txoj kev zoo nkauj, ntawm qhov tod tes, nrog rau qhov loj ntawm cov khoom nyob ntawm no. Turquoise domes nce siab saum cov tsev kawm qib siab-madrasahs npog nrog cov ntawv oriental, thiab cov rooj nkag loj loj zoo li caw koj mustsis paub ntiaj teb kev paub. Pom tau tias, nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas Samarkand thaum lub sijhawm Nrab Hnub nyoog yog lub ntiaj teb kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev kawm, qhov twg, ntxiv rau Kaulees, lub tswv yim thiab kev ntseeg, lawv tau kawm lej, astronomy, tshuaj, architecture thiab lwm yam kev tshawb fawb.

Npe

Hauv Arabic, "reg" txhais tau tias yog ib hom ntawm cov suab puam suab puam. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias qhov kev txiav txim siab hais tias thaj chaw ib zaug tau npog nrog xuab zeb. Qhov no yog qhov kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm ntawm lub npe Registan Square pib.

Raws li ib qho ntawm cov qauv, ib lub kwj dej siv los khiav ntawm no. Muaj cov xuab zeb nyob hauv qab, thiab thaum dej ntws los ntawm kev txhim kho hauv nroog, thaj chaw pib zoo li thaj chaw suab puam.

Raws li lwm yam, txij li lub sijhawm ntawm tus kov yeej Timur, lub xwmfab tau ua haujlwm ua qhov chaw tua neeg. Yog li ntawd cov ntshav tsis kis thiab tsis stink nyob rau hauv ib tug kub kev nyab xeeb, cov av yog them nrog ib txheej ntawm xuab zeb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem lees paub lossis tsis lees paub cov qauv no. Nws tsuas yog paub tias thaum lub sijhawm Timur tuag (1405), tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov qauv uas twb muaj lawm tseem tau tsim.

keeb kwm yav dhau

Registan Square yog Ameslikas yog ib lub nroog medieval lub quarter, tsim nrog cov tsev nyob, khw, chaw ua haujlwm, khw muag khoom. Tsis muaj qhov qhia txog kev npaj vaj tsev. 6 txoj kev radial ntawm Samarkand (Marakanda) converged mus rau lub square los ntawm txhua sab. Ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm plaub ntawm lawv (tshwj xeeb, ua rau Bukhara, Shakhrisabz thiab Tashkent)Timur tus poj niam, uas nws lub npe yog Tuman-aga, nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th ua ib tug me me domed khw arcade Chor-su (Chorsu). Txhais los ntawm Uzbek, nws suab zoo li no: "plaub fab."

Lub sijhawm dhau mus, Timur tus tub xeeb ntxwv, Mirzo Ulugbek, tau los ua tus kav Timurid xeev. Tsis zoo li nws yawg tub rog (tseem hu ua Tamerlane), nws tau qhia txog kev txaus siab rau kev tshawb fawb thiab tom qab ntawd los ua tus kws qhia ntawv zoo ntawm nws lub sijhawm.

Nyob rau hauv Ulugbek, tam sim no cov tsos ntawm Registan Square pib zoo li. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, thawj qhov chaw loj tau tsim nyob ntawm no - Tim (khoom lag luam) Tilpak-Furusan. Nws pib nyiam cov tub lag luam los ntawm thoob plaws cheeb tsam, thiab Mirzoi lub caravanserai tau tsim nyob ze rau lawv nyob. Plaub xyoos tom qab ntawd, lub Great Khan tau tsim kho kom zoo nkauj khanaka - lub tsev teev ntuj rau dervishes (wandering monk).

Ulugbek Madrasah

Maj mam, El-Registan Square pib tig los ntawm kev lag luam square mus rau pem hauv ntej rooj vag ntawm Samarkand. Qhov pib ntawm kev hloov pauv yog kev tsim kho ntawm madrasah. Ulugbek, uas yog tus nyiam ntawm astronomy, tau txiav txim kom tsim kho qhov chaw ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev kawm loj tshaj plaws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, ua ke nrog lub chaw soj ntsuam, ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub khw muag khoom.

Txawm tias nyob hauv nws lub xeev tam sim no, Ulugbek madrasah impresses nrog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm monumentality thiab elegance. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho nyob rau hauv 1420, nws tseem zoo nkauj dua. Lub tsev, quadrangular nyob rau hauv txoj kev npaj, ntsuas 51x81 m, tau crowned nrog plaub domes ntawm turquoise hues. Peb-tiered minarets towered nyob rau hauv txhua lub ces kaum. Raws li kev lig kev cai sab hnub tuaj ntawm architecture nyob rau hauv qhov chawmuaj ib lub tshav puam 30x30 m. Lub tsev hais plaub loj, tseem hu ua mosque, nyob tom qab. Contrary to expectations, kuj muaj lub ntsiab nkag. Lub koov loj uas tig mus rau lub xwmfab ua haujlwm zoo nkauj thiab lub cim, ua rau lub zog ntawm kev paub.

Cov lus iab ntawm keeb kwm

Hmoov tsis zoo, Ulugbek Madrasah tsis tau nqis los rau peb hauv nws daim ntawv qub. Qhov no yog vim av qeeg, thiab tib neeg tsis quav ntsej, thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tub rog. Tom qab 200 xyoo ntawm kev vam meej, ua lub tsev kawm ntawv loj tshaj plaws thiab muaj kev hwm tshaj plaws nyob rau nruab nrab, lub tsev kawm ntawv pib maj mam poob. Qhov no yog vim kev hloov ntawm lub peev ntawm lub xeev Maverannahr los ntawm Samarkand rau Bukhara.

Nyob rau xyoo pua 16th, thaum lub sijhawm kav ntawm Emir Yalangtush Bahadur, madrasah tau rov qab los. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, kev sib cav sib ceg thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb tau ua rau thaj av ntawd. Cov tub ceev xwm tau hais kom rhuav tshem lub tsev thib ob hauv pem teb kom cov neeg tawm tsam tsis tuaj yeem tua tsoomfwv cov tub rog los ntawm saum toj no. Yog li ntawd, lub domes zoo kawg nkaus ntawm cov xim ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntuj ploj. Qhov kawg kuj puas lawm. Tom qab ntawd, minarets pib poob vim muaj kev puas tsuaj ntuj tsim thiab vim yog tub sab ntawm cib los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm masonry los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos. Tom qab muaj av qeeg nyob rau xyoo 1897, tus qauv tau poob rau hauv kev puas tsuaj.

Kev yug dua tshiab

Cov duab qub ntawm Registan Square hauv Samarkand txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th tau khaws cia. Lawv qhia tias Ulugbek's madrasah nyob rau hauv lub xeev deplorable. Lub koov thiab thawj pem teb ntawm lub tsev loj, nrog rau qis (siab tshaj) tiers ntawm pem hauv ntej minarets, dim. Facade kho kom zoo nkauj yogpuas tsuaj.

Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, lub zog Soviet tau tsim nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam, ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev kawm. Xyoo 1918, sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj minaret pib qaij nrawm, hem kom poob rau ntau lub khw thiab khw muag khoom uas nyob ze. Lub Turkomstaris Commission rau Kev Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv ntawm Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm tau tsim ib txoj kev npaj los cawm lub tsev tshwj xeeb. Tus kws tshaj lij kws tshaj lij Vladimir Shukhov tau koom nrog qhov project thiab tau npaj ib txoj hauv kev rau kev ua kom lub minaret, uas tau ua tiav.

Tom qab ntawd, lub tsev vaj tse tau muab tso rau kev kho dua tshiab, uas siv sijhawm 70 xyoo. Lub ncov ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau tuaj rau xyoo 1950-1960. Nyob rau hauv 1965, lub sab hnub tuaj minaret tau ncaj thiab ntxiv dag zog. Nyob rau hauv lub 90s, lub thib ob pem teb twb rov qab los ntawm Uzbekistan.

Sher-Dor Madrasah

Sher-Dor madrasah tsis yog qhov zoo nkauj architectural monument ntawm Registan Square. Nws tau tsim nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Ulugbek lub dilapidated khanaka ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm Yalangtush Bahadur hauv 1636. Kev tsim kho tau ua tiav rau 17 xyoo raws li kev taw qhia ntawm tus kws kos duab Abdul Jabbar, thiab Muhammad Abbas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev pleev xim thiab kho kom zoo nkauj.

Kev teeb tsa ntawm lub tsev zoo ib yam li Ulugbek's madrasah opposite. Lub façade ntawm lub ntsiab koov yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov tsov txaij daus (ib lub cim ntawm Marakanda thaum ub), nqa lub hnub ntawm lawv nraub qaum. Lawv muab lub npe rau lub tsev kawm ntawv: Sher-Dor - "lub tsev ntawm tsov ntxhuav." Ib tug txawv feature ntawm lub complex yog ib tug disproportionately loj central dome. Nyob rau hauv nws qhov hnyav, tus qauv, nyob rau hauv ob peb lub xyoo caum, pibdeform.

Txawm li cas los xij, madrasah txuas ntxiv cov kev coj noj coj ua zoo kawg nkaus ntawm Persian kws kos duab. Ib qho openwork gilded tsab ntawv ntawm cov lus los ntawm Kaulees yog intertwined nrog geometric kauv qauv ntawm glazed cib thiab sophisticated mosaics. Kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm phab ntsa yog khaws cia zoo heev, tab sis qee qhov minarets raug rhuav tshem.

Tilla-Kari Madrasah

Nrog rau tib lub sijhawm keeb kwm xws li Sher-Dor. Nws nyob hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm Registan Square. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1646-1660 ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Mirzoi caravanserai. Vim lub peculiarities ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj, nws tau hu ua Tillya-Kari - "decorated nrog kub". Lub madrasah kuj tau ua lub tsev teev ntuj.

Lub tsev sib txawv hauv kev tsim vaj tsev:

• sab pem hauv ntej facade yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ob tiers ntawm hujrs (cells) tig lub square nrog arched niches;
• hloov cov minarets tsis ruaj khov, me me turrets nrog domes sawv hauv cov ces kaum, hu ua "guldasta";
• nraub qaum yog nyob ntawm lub mosque nrog lub dome loj.

Lub hauv paus portal yog monumental raws li cov nyob sib ze madrasahs. Majolica thiab mosaics nrog cov yam ntxwv cog-geometric ornament tau dav siv hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj.

Thaum immemorial

Tu siab heev, tab sis vim yog kev tsov kev rog hauv zej zog, kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg nyob ze thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm nomads, Samarkand tau xyaum tso tseg los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Nyob rau hauv ib co xyoo, tsis muaj inhabitants nyob rau hauv lub nroog. Tsuas yog cov neeg yos hav zoov cov khoom muaj nqis, dervishes thiab tsiaj qus roamed ntawm txoj kev. Madrasahraug rhuav tshem tsis tu ncua, thiab lub xwmfab tau npog nrog 3-meter txheej ntawm xuab zeb, uas yog lub cim, muab nws lub npe.

Los ntawm 1770s, tsoomfwv tau ruaj khov, thiab cov neeg nyob hauv tau tuaj rau Samarkand. Registan, raws li nyob rau hauv lub xyoo zoo tshaj plaws, tau hnov los ntawm lub suab ntawm cov tub lag luam, artisans qhia lawv cov kev txawj ntse, thiab ntau buyers nug tus nqi ntawm cov khoom. Cov tub ceev xwm tsarist hauv xyoo 1875 tau tuav lub "loj subbotnik". Lawv tshem tawm alluvial av (uas mus txog ib tug tuab ntawm 3 meters), ntxuav lub hauv qab ntawm lub tsev, paved lub square thiab nyob ib sab txoj kev. Nrog lub advent ntawm Soviet hwj chim nyob rau hauv 1918, madrasahs raug kaw thiab tig mus rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej. Thoob plaws lub sijhawm tom ntej, cov nyiaj loj tau raug coj mus rau kev kho dua tshiab ntawm Registan architectural ensemble.

Hnub no nws yog lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm Marakanda thaum ub thiab Uzbekistan tag nrho. Raws li kev txheeb xyuas ntawm cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi, lub complex tau khaws tus ntsuj plig ntawm antiquity. Nyob ib sab ntawm nws, ib tug neeg xav tias nws txoj kev koom tes nrog keeb kwm zoo. Txawm tias lub monumentality, lub tsev tsis tsoo nrog lawv loj. Lawv saib elegant, thiab cov qauv airy ntawm ornaments zoo li maj mus rau saum ntuj.