Catalonia yog thaj chaw muaj kev ywj pheej nyob hauv Spain. Nws lub peev yog nyob rau hauv Barcelona. Nationalist kev xav tau keeb kwm muaj zog hauv thaj av no. Rov ua dua, cov Catalans twb tau sim tshaj tawm lawv txoj kev ywj pheej. Lub sijhawm tam sim no, lawv muaj peev xwm ua tiav qee qhov kev tswj hwm tus kheej, tab sis Spain tsis kam lees paub lawv ua ib lub xeev nyias.
Background
Catalonia yog ib cheeb tsam uas nws lub siab xav cais tawm thiab tau txais kev ywj pheej raug tham txog ntau yam tsis ntev los no. Nws yog tam sim no tej zaum qhov kev sib cais loj tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe.
Pib, Catalonia yog thaj chaw nyob hauv Iberians. Lawv tsiv ntawm no los ntawm North Africa. Nyob rau xyoo pua 2 BC, Barcelona tau vam meej nyob rau hauv Roman txoj cai.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 8, Moors tau txeeb Spain. Barcelona kuj poob rau hauv lawv lub siab. Tsuas yog cov Carolingians tuaj yeem tsav Moors tawm ntawm Catalonia.
Xyoo 1871, Catalonia sim cais tawm ntawm Spain, tab sis vim muaj kev sib tham, thaj av tau txiav txim siab los ua ib feem ntawm lub nceeg vaj.
Lub sijhawm tom ntej uas Parliament ntawm Catalonia sim tshaj tawm kev ywj pheej hauv xyoo 1930. Tab sis tsoomfwv Republican lees paub cov kev sim no ua txhaum cai, cov neeg tawm tsamraug ntes.
Xyoo 1979, Catalonia tau txais kev tswj hwm tus kheej. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov lus Catalan tau lees paub hauv cheeb tsam. Txij li tam sim no, kev ywj pheej tuaj yeem muaj nws tus kheej tsoomfwv, uas, tib lub sijhawm, yog ib feem ntawm Spanish lub xeev txoj cai tswjfwm huab tais.
Tsoomfwv ntsib hauv Barcelona. Nws suav nws tus kheej yog tus ua tiav ntawm Cortes cov rooj sib tham uas muaj nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th. Carles Puigdemont tam sim no yog tus saib xyuas Catalonia.
Nyob rau xyoo 2006, txoj cai tswjfwm ntawm thaj av tau nthuav dav. Nws tau txais kev ywj pheej ntawm nyiaj txiag.
Independence Movement
Tib lub sijhawm, kev tawm tsam nom tswv rau kev ywj pheej ntawm Catalonia tau nrov heev. Nws cov neeg tawm tsam tawm tsam tias lub tebchaws Catalan yog kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm cais tawm, uas txhais tau tias nws yuav tsum nrhiav kev tswj hwm tag nrho.
Tam sim no, Catalan kev cais tawm tsuas yog piv rau Scottish kev cais tawm hauv qhov teev thiab muaj koob npe.
Txawm hais tias muaj kev poob qis dhau los, Catalan Kev ywj pheej Movement tau teeb tsa kev xaiv tsa nom tswv hauv xyoo 2009 thiab 2010, uas tau coj cov kev xaiv tsa. Tom qab ntawd kwv yees li 90% ntawm cov phooj ywg pej xeem tau hais tawm rau kev ywj pheej. Xyoo 2012, Lub Peb Hlis Ntuj rau Kev ywj pheej tau tuav, uas kwv yees li ib nrab lab tus tib neeg tau koom nrog.
Nyob rau xyoo 2012, tsuas yog cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Catalan sovereignty yeej qhov kev xaiv tsa hauv cheeb tsam. Twb tau los ntawm 2014, kev tawm suab ntawm kev cais tawm ntawm Spain tau raug npaj. Tsoomfwv Spanish, dhau los, hais tias qhov noqhov referendum yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj. Raws li kev sib tham, nws tau khov. Hloov chaw, lawv tau tshawb fawb txog kev nom kev tswv yav tom ntej ntawm kev ywj pheej, uas tsis muaj kev cai lij choj. Kwv yees li 80% ntawm cov neeg teb hais rau kev ywj pheej.
Nyob rau xyoo 2015, raws li kev xaiv tsa thaum ntxov mus rau Parliament ntawm Catalonia, pawg thawj coj hauv qab lub npe "Ua ke rau Yes" yeej. cov ntaub ntawv pib txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim ib lub xeev ywj pheej.
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo, cov nom tswv hauv cheeb tsam tau pov ntawv tawm suab los ntawm Spain. Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Mev Kev Cai Lij Choj tau tshaj tawm qhov kev txiav txim siab no tsis muaj thiab tsis muaj.
Barcelona
Barcelona hauv Catalonia yog lub peev thiab lub nroog loj tshaj plaws. Kuj hu lub xeev tib lub npe. Ob hom lus raug lees paub ntawm no - Spanish thiab Catalan.
Barcelona (Catalonia) muaj kev lag luam loj hlob. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias nws yog lub nroog no uas tau los ua ib tug ntawm cov thawj cheeb tsam ntawm continental Europe, los ntawm uas industrialization pib tsim. Raws li nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw, ntawm no, ib yam nkaus thiab, txhua yam pib nrog kev lag luam textile. Nws yog nyob rau hnub ua ntej ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua no, lub peev ntawm Catalonia twb yog ib qho chaw tseem ceeb rau mechanical engineering thiab textile kev lag luam. Tom qab ntawd kev tsim khoom lag luam pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho tag nrho ntawm Barcelona.
Tam sim no, thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom tseem muaj tshuaj lom neeg, tsheb,kws tshuaj, textile thiab electronic industries. Cov tsheb loj sib dhos cov chaw nyob hauv lub nroog Catalonia.
City of autonomy
Tsis yog Barcelona nkaus xwb thiaj suav tias yog kev sib hais haum xeeb ntawm no. Lub nroog tseem ceeb ntawm Catalonia kuj suav nrog Tarragona. Ntawm no yog ib qhov loj tshaj plaws Spanish ports. Cov pejxeem muaj txog 140 txhiab.
Lwm lub nroog tseem ceeb hauv Catalonia yog Lleida. Kwv yees li ntawm 140 txhiab tus neeg kuj nyob ntawm no, Reconquista Festival tau tuav txhua xyoo. Qhov no yog ib qho yeeb yuj carnival uas rov qab mus rau Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog. Nws mob siab rau kev yeej ntawm cov ntseeg tshaj Moors uas muaj Catalonia.
Girona yog tsev muaj txog 100,000 tus neeg. Lub nroog no nto moo rau nws yuav luag tag nrho khaws cia medieval architecture, uas nyiam ntau txhiab tus neeg tuaj ncig txhua xyoo.
Manresa yog lub chaw muaj kev lag luam ntawm Catalonia. Nws nyob ntawm no tias cov iav, metallurgical thiab textile kev lag luam tsim. Kwv yees li 75 txhiab tus neeg nyob.
Lub chaw thauj khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev ywj pheej nyob hauv Sabadell. Ob txoj kev loj thoob ntiaj teb sib sau ua ke ntawm no, nrog rau ntau txoj hauv kev ua rau lub nroog Spanish. Ntau tshaj 200 txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv Sabadell.
Pab neeg ntawm Catalonia
Tag nrho, kwv yees li 7 thiab ib nrab lab tus tib neeg nyob hauv Catalonia. Kwv yees li ib feem peb ntawm lawv yog haiv neeg Catalans. Lawv feem ntau hais lus Catalan thiab hais lus Mev ua hom lus thib ob.
Tsuas yog cov pejxeem yog cov neeg Spanish. Lawv yog kwv yees li 45%. Cov no yog cov neeg nyob hauv Murcia, Andalusia thiab Extremadura. Lawv feem ntau tsiv mus rau Catalonia hauv 10-15 xyoo dhau los. Ntau tshaj 10% neeg txawv teb chaws. Feem ntau lawv yog los ntawm Latin America.
Tam sim no, cov pejxeem ntawm Catalonia yog qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv Spain. 225 tus neeg ib square kilometers hauv Catalonia nws tus kheej thiab ob txhiab tus neeg ib square kilometers hauv Barcelona.
Catalan
haiv neeg Catalans hais lus Catalan. Nws belongs rau pawg Romanesque. Tib lub sijhawm, nws muaj ntau yam nrog Mev, tab sis tseem nws cov txheeb ze ze tshaj plaws yog Provencal, feem ntau nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Fabkis.
Catalan yog thawj zaug siv nyob rau xyoo pua 12th. Ua ke nrog lus Mev, Catalan tau lees paub tias yog lub xeev cov lus hauv kev ywj pheej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev qhia hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm qib siab tau ua tshwj xeeb hauv Catalan.
Independence referendum
Txawm hais tias muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm tsoomfwv Spanish, kev tawm suab hauv Catalonia tau muaj rau lub Kaum Hlis 1, 2017.
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev pov npav, Spain tau xa peb lub nkoj tub ceev xwm mus rau Catalonia. Tus Kws Lij Choj General ntawm kev tswj hwm tus kheej tau hais kom cov tub ceev xwm hauv zos los nyob rau hauv kev ncaj qha subordination ntawm Civil Guard. Nrog lawv cov kev pab, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov tsis raug cai ntawm qhov kev xaiv tsa tau raug sau tseg, nrog rau cov tub ceev xwm Spanish tau sim cuam tshuam nws.
Cov koom nrog raug ntes thiab raug ntaus. Kev nkag mus rau ntau lub chaw xaiv tsa raug txwv. Cov ntawv pov npav thiab lub thawv ntawv pov npav tau raug txeeb, uaslawv twb tso tseg lawm.
Referendum results
Tab sis qhov kev xaiv tsa hauv Catalonia tseem muaj. Tsoomfwv ntawm kev ywj pheej tau hais tias ntau tshaj li ob lab 200 txhiab tus neeg tawm ntawm tsib lab 300 txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv Catalonia tuaj yeem qhia lawv txoj haujlwm pej xeem. Yog li, cov neeg pov npav xaiv tsa yog 43%.
Me ntsis ntau dua ob lab tus tib neeg pov npav rau kev ywj pheej, uas suav txog ntau dua 90% ntawm cov neeg pov npav. 177 txhiab tus neeg tau tawm tsam. Qhov no tsawg dua 8% ntawm cov neeg pov npav tuaj xaiv tsa.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm suab
Tus thawj coj ntawm Catalonia, Puigdemont, hnub tom qab kev tawm suab, tshaj tawm tias txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov sib txawv, kev koom tes ntawm peb cov tub rog yog qhov tsim nyog. Tsuas yog lawv thiaj daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm Madrid thiab Barcelona.
Cov neeg tawm tsam rau kev cais tawm hais tias kev ywj pheej yuav txhais tau tias tsis siv neeg tawm ntawm European Union thiab tso tseg ntawm euro. Thiab vim li no, teeb meem kev lag luam loj yuav tshwm sim.
Lub Kaum Hli 10, 2017 Carles Puigdemont tau hais lus hauv Parliament. Nyob rau tib hnub nws kos npe rau daim ntawv ntawm kev ywj pheej. Nws tau raug ncua tom qab tso cai rau kev sib tham nrog Madrid rov pib dua.
Qhov xwm txheej yuav tshwm sim li cas yav tom ntej tseem tsis paub meej. Piv txwv li, tus thawj coj ntawm kev pabcuam xovxwm ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm tsoomfwv Spanish, Mariano Rajoy, hem Puigdemont tias nws yuav xaus ib yam li Catalan tus thawj coj Luis Company. Nws raug tua los ntawm Francoists xyoo 1940.
