Yog tias koj yog tus hlub ntawm kev qub txeeg qub teg thiab xav paub txog kev tsim vaj tse tshwj xeeb, koj yuav tsum tau mus rau Polish nroog Malbork - qhov twg Marienburg tsev fuabtais nyob. Nws yog lub npe hu ua qhov loj tshaj plaws medieval cib tsev fuabtais nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Lub chaw ruaj khov ntawm Crusaders no tau nce mus rau saum toj ze ntawm tus Dej Nogat rau ntau tshaj yim centuries. Tam sim no, lub tsev fuabtais yog ib qho ntawm cov attractions tseem ceeb suav nrog hauv daim duab qhia chaw ncig xyuas tebchaws Poland. Nws yog UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Castle Marienburg
Keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev fuabtais yog qhov dav thiab piav qhia ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav sim cia li kov lub centuries-laus keeb kwm ntawm no cim qauv, paub txog lub neej thaum ub ntawm cov khoom pov thawj thiab sau ntawm riam phom thiab armor ntawm Teutons.
Lub nroog Malbork nyob 80 mais ntawm ciam teb nrog Russia thiab me ntsisNtau tshaj 130 kilometers cais nws los ntawm Kaliningrad. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsis yooj yim rau kev mus ncig ua si rau lub tsev fuabtais txawm nyob ntawm koj lub tsheb. Rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi muaj chaw nres tsheb rau tsheb, tsev noj mov zoo thiab lub tsev so loj Zamek, nyob hauv ib lub tsev uas tau ua haujlwm ua tsev kho mob rau Crusaders. Kev pom ntawm Marienburg Tsev fuabtais rov qab los hauv tebchaws Poland tau pom hauv daim duab saum toj no.
Qhov rooj rau yav dhau los
Lub tsev fuabtais ntawm Marienburg npog thaj tsam ntawm ntau dua 20 hectares thiab muaj peb lub tsev fuabtais - qis, nruab nrab thiab sab saud. Lub Crusader Knights ntawm Teutonic Order tau xaiv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nqaim ceg av qab teb ntawm Vistula rau kev tsim kho lub tsev fuabtais. Qhov chaw swampy, tus dej thiab cov toj me me yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau lub fortress uas yuav tsum ua raws li kev tiv thaiv. Thawj cib nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev fuabtais tau pw nyob rau hauv lub 70s ntawm lub XIII caug xyoo. Kev tsim kho kav mus txog rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th.
Thawj qhov chaw tsim ntawm Marienburg tsev fuabtais tau nyob los ntawm tus Tswv ntawm Teutonic Order. Cov qauv xyaum tsis sawv tawm ntawm cov qauv tiv thaiv ntawm cov xyoo ntawd. Xyoo 1309, qhov chaw nyob ntawm Grand Masters los ntawm Venice tau pauv mus rau lub tsev fuabtais. Txij thaum ntawd los, kev nthuav dav thiab kev tsim kho ntawm cov tsev fuabtais tau txuas ntxiv mus.
Lub tsev teev ntuj tau dhau los ua lub tsev teev ntuj tseem ceeb ntawm kev txiav txim, thiab tus choj raug pov hla tus dej Nogat ntawm no. Nws tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob mus txog hnub no. Lub tsev qub dhau los ua lub npe hu ua Upper Castle, thiab ntawm qhov chaw uas muaj kev sib haum xeeb, lawv tau pib tsim lub Tsev Nceeg Vaj Central (Middle) nrog lub chaw loj. Rau 20 xyoo, pib los ntawm 1330, lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Lower tau tsim, uasnyob ib puag ncig los ntawm lwm phab ntsa thiab lub nkuaj tiv thaiv, ntim dej yog tsim nyog.
Castle Labyrinths
Qhov qis ntawm lub tsev fuabtais tau tshwj tseg rau kev tsim tawm, kev cob qhia, warehouses, ruaj khov. Kuj tseem muaj ib lub tsev kho mob rau cov Crusaders thiab lub tsev noj mov. Yuav kom mus txog qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub tsev fuabtais, nws yuav tsum dhau los ntawm lub drawbridge, uas nyob rau saum toj ntawm lub moat. Loophole qhov rais tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa monolithic ntawm Nruab Nrab Tsev fuabtais, thiab cov hlaws raws phab ntsa tau npog nrog visors tiv thaiv los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab xub. Kev nkag mus rau lub tshav puam ntawm lub tsev no yog kaw tsib lub rooj vag ntoo qhib nrog tuav.
Cov tsev ntawm lub tsev fuabtais, nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig, ua haujlwm kom tau txais cov qhua siab. Ntawm no yog cov chav ntawm Grand Master of the Order. Cov chav rau kev ua koob tsheej, chav noj mov loj (refectories), dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab kos duab, kuj nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev fuabtais no. Hauv lub tshav puam, tawm tsam nws qhov loj, kev sib tw knightly tau tuav ntawm cov neeg ua phem.
Kab tshoob tau tuav hauv St. Helena's Chapel. Nyob rau hauv lub fortress xwb nyob rau hauv lub Marienburg tsev fuabtais complex, lub tsev tau rhuab siv lub "hypocastum" technology - nrog kev pab los ntawm liab-kub pob zeb nyob rau hauv lub qab daus. Los ntawm qhov ntawd, huab cua los ntawm ib txoj hauv kev los ntawm kev qhib tshwj xeeb nkag mus rau hauv chav tsev. Kev sib txuas lus ntawm Middle thiab Upper castles tau ua los ntawm kev siv ib tug drawbridge dai rau lwm lub moat.
Kev ntxeev siab ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm
Tiv thaiv lub tsev fuabtais complex, Teutonic Order tau ntiav cov tub rog Czech - Hussites, uas tau txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv cov hnub.cov tub rog zoo tshaj plaws. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, ntawm ntau lub tseem ceeb ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, muaj ib tug xyaum ntawm ntiav cov neeg zov ntawm lub nroog thiab fortresses. Cov nyiaj ntau ntawm cov nyiaj tau siv rau kev saib xyuas cov tub rog ntawm mercenaries. Xyoo 1455, nees nkaum lub nroog pom lawv tus kheej tsis muaj nyiaj hauv lub txhab nyiaj. Malbork yog ib tug ntawm lawv.
Cov tub ua lag luam uas poob lawv cov nyiaj tau los tau ua phem rau lub tsev fuabtais Marierburg, qhib nws lub qhov rooj rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov tub rog Polish ntawm King Casimir IV. Qhov tseeb, lub tsev raug muag los ntawm mercenaries rau tus huab tais Polish, uas them lawv 665 kilograms ntawm kub. Nrog rau lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub nroog Malbork (Marienburg), qhov loj ntawm Teutonic Order tau xaus. Casimir IV nkag mus rau lub tsev fuabtais yeej nyob rau hauv 1457.
Chronology ntawm cov xwm txheej ntxiv
Xyoo 1466 lub nroog tau los ua ib feem ntawm Royal Prussia, thiab lub tsev fuabtais tau dhau los ua ib qho chaw nyob hauv tebchaws Polish. Peb centuries tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1772, muaj thawj partition ntawm Poland. Marienburg thim rov qab mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm Prussia, thiab lub tsev fuabtais yog siv los ua ib lub barracks rau cov tub rog Prussian thiab chaw cia khoom.
Xyoo 1794, Prussian architect tau raug txib los tshuaj xyuas lub tsev fuabtais kom ncav cuag qhov kev txiav txim siab txog kev siv yav tom ntej lossis kev rhuav tshem tag nrho. Tus kws kes duab vajtse tus tub, Friedrich Gilly, ua sketches ntawm engravings ntawm lub tsev fuabtais thiab nws cov architecture. Nws yog cov engravings uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm "rov tsim" lub tsev fuabtais thiab nthuav qhia keeb kwm ntawm Teutonic Knights rau Prussian pej xeem.
Kev tsim kho dua tshiab tau pib tom qab xyoo 1816 thiab txuas ntxiv nrog kev sib txawv mus txog thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II tshwm sim. Thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, lub tsev fuabtais tau raug rhuav tshem ntau dua li ntawm yim centuries dhau los. Yog liMarienburg tsev fuabtais zoo li (duab hauv qab no) xyoo 1945. Nws tau rov tsim dua tom qab.
Castle today
Lub tsev fuabtais tam sim no tsis txawv ntawm qhov uas tau tsim ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Cov kws kho mob tau kho tsis tau tsuas yog cov tsos ntawm lub tsev, tab sis kuj nws cov kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv, thiab cov frescoes uas ib zaug adorned lub halls. Tam sim no lub tsev khaws puav pheej qhib rau cov neeg tuaj saib hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub fortress. Nws nta ua haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab ntsig txog Teutonic Order (cov cuab yeej cuab tam thiab riam phom). Qhov kev nthuav qhia muaj ntau qhov sau ntawm amber.
Cov neeg ncig tebchaws thoob plaws ntiaj teb tuaj ua pab pawg thiab lawv tus kheej kom paub txog keeb kwm ntawm Teutonic Order. Hauv lawv cov kev txheeb xyuas ntawm Marienburg Castle, yeej ib txwm qhuas rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tswv uas tau ua lub tsev tshwj xeeb no cib los ntawm cib, yog li muab sijhawm rau cov xeeb ntxwv los kov cov keeb kwm nyob deb ntawd. Restoration ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub fortress tsis nres. Thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, cov duab puab ntawm tus nkauj xwb, uas nyob hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv, raug rhuav tshem. Polish restorers tau ua txoj haujlwm zoo heev ntawm kev kho nws.
