Thaum xav paub tias phau ntawv qhia yog dab tsi, willy-nilly, koj nco qab lub pob qhia zoo heev rau Ivan Tsarevich. Qhov no yog ib tug yuav luag universal navigator, ib tug zoo heev geographic landmark uas qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cheeb tsam, tsis mus faus. Muaj ib qho zoo kawg li yos hav zoov rau xws li ib tug gadget nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam yees siv zajlus. Hauv lub ntiaj teb tiag tiag, nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau siv tau ntau dua. Tab sis lawv cov progenitor yog phau ntawv qhia uas tsis tau poob nws qhov tseem ceeb niaj hnub no. Yog li cia peb teb cov lus nug ntawm qhov kev qhia yog dab tsi. Nws yog dab tsi, lub pob zoo heev, hloov pauv hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no?
About phau ntawv qhia yog
Zoo li lub pob qhia, phau ntawv qhia yuav pab koj mus txog koj lub hom phiaj uas koj xaiv yam tsis poob koj txoj kev. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb. Tsis zoo li nws, lub pob fairy nyob ntsiag to, tsis ceeb toom txog kev phom sij thiab pom.
Daim ntawv qhia kev mus ncig yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog cov ntawv luam tawm, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv suab uas yuav tsis tsuas yog qhia txoj hauv kev, tab sis kuj qhia ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev. nwsntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov chaw, nws cov yam ntxwv, kev pom, chaw tsim khoom uas koj tuaj yeem noj, khw, sau koj lub tsheb, nrhiav kev pab. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog phau ntawv qhia uas tuaj yeem taw qhia tus neeg taug kev ntawm txoj kev, kev taw qhia thiab muaj cov ntsiab lus me me ntawm txoj kev.
Keeb kwm ntawm thawj phau ntawv qhia
Cov thawj coj ntawm cov thawj coj tau tshwm sim nrog rau kev xav ntawm tib neeg mus ncig. Cov no yog cov ntawv sau rau ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum, daim tawv nqaij thiab parchment. Feem ntau, cov ntawv no muaj daim ntawv qhia nws tus kheej thiab cov ntawv luv luv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm txoj kev.
Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab kev paub pom, thev naus laus zis los ua cov cuab yeej sau ntawv, pleev xim thiab inks, qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no tau hloov pauv, hloov mus rau tag nrho cov phau ntawv qhia. Twb tau ntau dua lossis tsawg dua qhov tsim nyog hauv qhov style no yog "Kev piav qhia ntawm Hellas", kev sau ntawv tau raug xa mus rau Greek keeb kwm Pausanias thaum ub. Cov ntawv muaj cov lus piav qhia txog qhov pom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm thaj chaw Greek.
Hauv Rome, tus qauv ntawm phau ntawv qhia tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog tus tsim txoj kev, tab sis lawv muaj ntau dua li qhov qhia txog cov lus qhia thiab qhov kev ncua deb, lawv muaj cov duab kos hauv qee qhov nthuav dav. Lawv tsis muaj cov lus piav qhia.
Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab tau coj cov kev lig kev cai piav qhia txog txoj hauv kev uas cov neeg mus ncig ua si tau ua. Feem ntau, cov neeg taug kev zoo li no tau mus rau thaj av Dawb Huv, yog li txhua qhov kev piav qhia txog kev coj mus rau Palestine thiab Yeluxalees. Nws tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim los nrhiav cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev mus ncigRoman
Guide Books of Russia
Nyob rau hauv Russia, kuj muaj cov ntawv sau npe hu ua "taug kev". Tsis tas li ntawd, thawj qhov kev tsim no kuj tau sau los ntawm cov neeg taug kev mus rau Yeluxalees thiab Constantinople. Tab sis nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv, cov tub lag luam kuj tau ua lawv txoj kev koom tes rau cov kev taw qhia creativity, mus rau lawv tus kheej txaus ntshai thiab txaus ntshai mus rau qhov tsis paub ntawm kev lag luam teeb meem. Yog li, Afanasy Nikitin tau ntseeg tau zoo thiab piav qhia meej txog nws txoj kev mus rau Is Nrias teb thiab Persia. Nws cov ntawv tau siv los ntawm ntau tus tub lag luam thiab cov neeg taug txuj kev nyuaj zoo li nws.
Hnub no, cov khoom taw qhia hauv phau ntawv thiab daim ntawv hluav taws xob tau tsim nyob hauv yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws thiab lub nroog hauv ntiaj teb. Txhua tus neeg taug kev nkag mus rau hauv khw muag ntawv tuaj yeem yooj yim yuav daim ntawv qhia rau Moscow, thiab tus kiv cua ntawm cov phau ntawv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem rub tawm cov lus qhia rau Tebchaws Europe ntawm lawv cov khoom siv.
phau ntawv qhia zoo li cas?
Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub tau hloov kho lawv tus kheej rau kev lag luam qhia kev mus ncig. Lub pob taw qhia raws li qhov sib piv ntawm qhov kev tsim no tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv kev xav ntawm tus neeg uas nyeem cov dab neeg hauv nws lub sijhawm. Tseem muaj cov phau ntawv qhia ntawm lub rhawv ntawm cov khw muag ntawv, tab sis cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau siv ntau dua. Cov tom kawg tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob hom: cov lus qhia nrog cov duab qhia chaw thiab cov lus piav qhia hauv kev tsim pom thiab cov lus qhia suab.
Ntxiv mus, txhua qhov kev tshaj tawm tuaj yeem muab faib ua hom hauv qab no:
- tshuaj xyuas, muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig thiab ua kom pom zoo;
- xov xwm, qhia txog qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb,kev tshwm sim lossis kev nyiam tshwj xeeb;
- tourist, tawm rau kev teeb tsa lossis kev mus ncig;
- rau cov neeg taug kev uas tsis tshua meej dua li cov ntaub ntawv xaiv tab sis muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li cov kev xaiv mus ncig.
Txoj kev mus rau txoj kev, txhua tus Ivan Tsarevich yuav tsum txiav txim siab rau nws tus kheej uas cov khoom taw qhia yuav haum rau nws txhua yam. Zoo siab rau kev mus ncig thiab hmoov zoo!
