Gostiny yards ntawm Russia, zoo li txhua yam kev lag luam, muaj lawv tus kheej zoo kawg nkaus keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob. Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib pauv khoom lag luam yog "kev lag luam ntsiag to", qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev sib pauv tsis sib tsoo. "Kev lag luam ntsiag to" yog qhov zoo rau ntau haiv neeg, feem ntau yuav yog rau txhua tus, tab sis tsis muaj pov thawj keeb kwm ntawm nws lub neej tiag tiag ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia. Thawj qhov hais txog kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo hauv Russia hnub rov qab mus rau 8th-9th centuries.
thawj qhov chaw nyob hauv Russia
Ib zaug, lub chaw lag luam tseem ceeb yog Kyiv, nyob ntawm qhov kawg ntawm txoj kev dej. Tag nrho cov khoom flocked ntawm no, tag nrho cov tub lag luam, nrog rau cov neeg txawv teb chaws, aspired mus. Lub square qhov twg cov lag luam coj qhov chaw los ua lub hauv paus. Cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog nrhiav kom tuaj ntawm no tsis yog rau cov khoom lag luam xwb, tab sis kuj tau kawm cov xov xwm, sib pauv kev xav, thiab saib cov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev tuaj xyuas buffoons. Tom qab ntawd, thawj gostiny yards tau tshwm sim ntawm thaj chaw ua lag luam, uas, qhov tseeb, yog thaj chaw khaws khoom. Yav tom ntej, lawv ib txwm muaj nyob ze - khw khw thiab Gostiny Dvor.
Yuav tsum tau ua ntej rau qhov zoo li ntawm cov qhua
Nyob rau hauv Novgorod, uas coj tus thawj cojraws li kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam chaw tom qab kev poob qis ntawm Kyiv, cov kab tshwj xeeb tshwm sim ntawm thaj chaw ua lag luam, piv txwv li, rags, ntses lossis furs. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th, Moscow tau los ua qhov chaw uas muab txhua yam rau kev lag luam - nyiaj, kev taw qhia, ntsuas thiab qhov hnyav. Lub Gostiny Dvors tseem tsis tau muaj nyob, ib feem ntawm lawv lub luag haujlwm yog ua los ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj nyob rau ntawm qhov xwm txheej - cov khoom raug khaws cia hauv lawv lub cellars, lawv hnyav ntawm qhov nkag. Nyob rau hauv Moscow thaum lub sij hawm ntawd muaj ntau lub khw muag khoom, tab sis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov respects lawv yog inferior rau trading outlets nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Lawv qhov me me yog ncaj qha ntsig txog cov dej num thiab se. Kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws hauv Moscow hauv 14th-15th centuries coj qhov chaw nyob ze ntawm tus choj Moskvoretsky. Thaj chaw loj heev - muaj Lower, Middle, Upper kab thiab ntau cov tib lub khw me me.
Txiv Plig ntawm Gostiny Dvor
Moscow hlawv ntau zaus, thiab tom qab lwm qhov hluav taws kub hauv xyoo 1493, cov tub lag luam raug ntiab tawm ntawm Kremlin thiab thaj chaw yav tom ntej Red Square tau muab rau lawv. Ntawm no, ntawm Ilyinsky sacrum (ntawm txoj kev sib tshuam ntawm txoj kev khw, kev sib pauv khoom lag luam tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ua haujlwm) thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, thawj ntoo qhua hauv tebchaws Russia tau tsim tsa.
Moscow yog poj koob yawm txwv ntawm kev tsim tsev so. Ntxiv nrog rau cov tub lag luam uas nyob hauv nws los ntawm kev deb, muaj cov tsev khaws khoom khaws cia cov khoom lag luam thiab cov khw muag khoom lag luam wholesale ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tshav puam - khw muag khoom yeej tsis tau ua nyob rau hauv cov squares ntawm trading yards. Thaum pib, gostiny yards muaj lawv tus kheej tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim kho. Qhov xav tau rau lawv tau tshwm sim nrog kev nce hauv kev lag luam nroglwm thaj chaw thiab lub tebchaws. Yog li ntawd, ib lub tsev kev lis kev cai tau ua tam sim ntawd ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub vaj. Yards, raws li txoj cai, tau tsim, coj mus rau hauv tus account lub teb chaws tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov tub lag luam.
Ntawm teb chaws tuaj txawv teb chaws
Yog li, nyob rau hauv cov khw loj ntawm Russia (Moscow, Novgorod, Arkhangelsk, Tula) tau ntev tau muaj Dutch thiab German trading yards, Armenian thiab Jewish, "Lus Askiv" thiab Greek. Cov no yog cov qub fortified cheeb tsam - ib ncig ntawm lub laj kab muaj zog, muaj ib txwm saib yees, vim hais tias muaj ntau ntau cov khoom, lawv yuav tsum tau kev tiv thaiv. Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tshav puam, muaj ib txoj hauj lwm thiab se, uas, qhov tseeb, lawv tau txhim kho thiab nthuav dav.
Kev ywj pheej structural unit
Lub tsev tau tsim rau cov neeg nrog cov khoom - cov tsev lag luam, cov nyiaj them rau cov chaw nyob uas muaj kev sib txawv - ib nrab teev thiab lub tsev pheeb suab. Cov chaw yuav khoom no tau tsim ua raws li ib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus: txhua yam uas xav tau rau kev lag luam wholesale ntau ntau yuav tsum tau tsom mus rau ntawm no.
Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, tau kawg, muaj ib lub xwmfab nrog cov chaw haujlwm sawv cev rau cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog, uas yog, kev lis kev cai. Qhov "tseem ceeb" ib qho tseem nyob ntawm no - lub platform nrog qhov hnyav. Cov tsev so qhua, chav da dej, lub tsev noj mov, taverns (tseem ceeb cov chaw tsim khoom rau lub cev thiab tus ntsuj plig), cov chaw nees tau ua kom ze rau lub laj kab. Ib cheeb tsam loj ntawm lub tshav puam tau nyob los ntawm cov tsev txhab nyiaj - cov tsev khaws khoom cia khoom.
Architecture specifications
Cov no yog cov tsev khaws khoom uas tau them los ntawm ib qho chaw cia, thiabLawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub square, sawv cev rau arcades los yog, tsis tshua muaj, colonnades (Kostroma yard). Feem ntau, cov chav ua noj sib sau ua ke cov khw thiab cov tsev txhab nyiaj tau ua rau ob lub tsev. Muaj cov qauv tsim. Piv txwv li, qhov luaj li cas ntawm lub rooj ntev zaum mus txog ob lub qhov tob hauv qhov ntev, ib nrab lub khw, ntawm chav kawm, yog ib nrab ntawm qhov loj. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg - qhov no yog vim qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj. Lub thawv hauv lub tsev khaws khoom tau khaws nws lub hom phiaj rau hnub no - cov no yog cov thawv thiab "cov thawv loj" lossis "cov nqa khoom". Cov khoom xws li khau looj plab hlaub tau muab khaws cia rau ntawm cov ntoo khaub lig thiab cov ncej. Qee lub sij hawm ib lub tsev khaws khoom tau muab faib los ntawm ntau tus tub lag luam, thiab qee zaum tag nrho Gostiny Dvor raug muab tso tseg. Moscow, Veliky Novgorod thiab Tula paub cov piv txwv no.
Lub luag haujlwm ua lub hauv paus rau kev nthuav dav ntxiv
Cov neeg saib xyuas saib xyuas tsis yog kev huv thiab kev txiav txim nkaus xwb - lawv tau them rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tsev txhab nyiaj (granary), tag nrho cov tsev nyob (tsev pheeb suab) thiab cov se camp. Muaj lwm hom dej num - nws muaj peev xwm ua tau rau qee yam nqi lossis them tus nqi "tig rov qab" thaum ua lag luam los ntawm lub sleigh lossis nkoj nkoj.
Nrog rau kev qhia txog kev lag luam me me, txhua tus tub lag luam yuav tsum tau nres hauv lawv, yog tias nws tsis muaj nws qhov chaw lag luam hauv nroog. Kev muag khoom ntxiv tau tshwm sim, yog tias nws tsis tau yuav ntau rau kev thauj mus los tom ntej, hauv cov khw, qhov twg nws tau xa los ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom ntawm Gostiny Dvor.
Differentiated approach
raucov neeg txawv teb chaws muaj cov cai tshwj xeeb ntawm kev lag luam. Yog li, rov qab rau xyoo pua 15th, nyob rau hauv Veliky Novgorod, German tub lag luam tau tso cai rau ntshuam lawv cov khoom tsuas yog ob zaug hauv ib xyoos rau lub sijhawm nruj me ntsis. Txawm li ntawd los, cov thawj tswj hwm tau saib xyuas kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom hauv zos. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm txawv teb chaws trading yards, raws li zoo raws li embassies, lawv tus kheej txoj cai twb nyob rau hauv yuam cai, thiab tus huab tais Novgorod tsis muaj cai los cuam tshuam. Tab sis (xav tias) cov tub lag luam hauv zos thiab cov nom tswv yuav tsum tau paub txog cov khoom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog lawv cov kev hloov kho tshiab, Gostiny Dvor yuav tsum tau xav txog qhov no. Kev nthuav qhia lossis qee yam qauv yuav tsum muaj nyob rau ntawm nws thaj chaw, raws li qhov kev hloov pauv tom ntej tuaj yeem ua.
Ib qho kev lag luam nrhiav tau
Kev Lag Luam Hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog yog ib qho kev lag luam loj, uas tau raug xaiv tsa ua nom ua tswv, kev coj noj coj ua, thiab kev tshaj tawm txoj moo zoo. Lub Gostiny Dvors ntawm Koom pheej ntawm Genoa, uas, hauv paus ntsiab lus, yog lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam platform, ntau cov duab kos duab thiab cov ntawv sau tau mob siab rau cov tub lag luam German Dutch. Peb Tsar S altan tsuas yog saib xyuas cov tub lag luam nkoj hauv hiav txwv txhawm rau txhawm rau paub tias "Puas yog dhau ntawm hiav txwv, lossis nws phem, thiab qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb nyob hauv ntiaj teb." Raws li cov kab no, ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub lag luam (lawv tau txais los ntawm huab tais nws tus kheej) thiab kev lag luam dav dav. Txij li lub sijhawm nco txog mus txog niaj hnub no, cov khw muag khoom qub qub ntawm hom no tau khaws cia hauv thaj chaw ntawm peb lub tebchaws. Lawv tsis yog tsuas yog keeb kwm thiab architectural monuments, tab sis kuj kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub nroog. Tsis ntev los no, "aroma" tau los ua zam.antiquity." Thiab yuav ua li cas patriotic, txaus nyiam thiab yeej-yeej hu rau lub khw niaj hnub loj thiab kev lom zem complex "Gostiny Dvor"! Tula yog lub nroog uas muaj qhov chaw zoo li no.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub hnub nyoog
Muaj cov lus dab neeg hais txog qhov chaw tsim khoom no, kev txaus siab thiab cov lus pom zoo tuaj yeem hnov ntau zaus. Lub teb chaws tau pom kev tsim kho kev lag luam hauv ob peb xyoos dhau los. Tam sim no ntau yam qub, atypical vaj tse rau ntau lub hom phiaj raug tsim. Tab sis niaj hnub Gostiny Dvor hauv Tula tau tswj kom sawv tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los no. Raws li nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, khw muag khoom yog lub hom phiaj ntawm lub nroog lub neej, qhov chaw uas koj yuav txaus siab rau koj cov kev coj noj coj ua thiab niaj hnub kev xav tau, qhov twg tag nrho cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub zos aspired, thiab hnub no lub nroog cov tub ceev xwm tau tswj los tsim ib lub chaw uas yuav txaus siab rau cov neeg nyob hauv Tulsk, quab yuam. lawv tawm ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lawv lub tsev thiab mus xyuas vim li cas "Gostiny Dvor". Tula tau ua kev zoo siab rau kev qhib lub khw muag khoom loj thiab kev lom zem rau ob xyoos tam sim no, uas yog, qhov tseeb, lub nroog nrog nws cov qauv. Ntxiv rau 150 lub khw, 6-screen xinesmas, ntau lub tsev noj mov thiab tsev noj mov, gyms, gyms, chaw ua haujlwm zoo nkauj, muaj chaw rau npe rau kev sib yuav nrog kev ua koob tsheej tom ntej. Tag nrho txhua yam uas tus neeg niaj hnub xav tau tuaj yeem muab los ntawm Tula Gostiny Dvor. Exhibition tuav nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov chaw xws li muaj nyob rau ntawm no nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo nkauj exhibition chav.
Nyob zoo tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws
Tau kawg, txawm txiav txim los ntawm lub npe, cov lus tshwj xeebTsim nyog lub "Big Gostiny Dvor", ib tug monument ntawm keeb kwm thiab architecture ntawm Russia ntawm lub XVIII caug xyoo, uas yog nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm UNESCO. Tsim thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Elizabeth Petrovna, nws tau tsa raws li qhov project ntawm Rastrelli los ntawm ib tug decree ntawm 1758 ntawm lub "sacrum" ntawm Nevsky Prospekt thiab Sadovaya Street.
tsis lees paub.
Kev tsim kho tau ua raws li qhov project ntawm Jean-Baptiste Vallin-Delamote. Nws kav los ntawm 1761 txog 1785. Txij li thaum nws tshwm sim, Great Gostiny Dvor pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom lub neej ntawm St. Rau nws, raws li cov khoom tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau sab qaum teb lub nroog, roj teeb pom kev zoo yog thawj zaug ua. Tau ntau xyoo ntawm nws lub neej, nws tau rov qab ua dua, thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws, cov neeg tsim kho thiab cov kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm tsarist thiab Soviet Russia tau koom nrog kev kho thiab kho dua tshiab. Xyoo 1886-1887 N. L. Benois rov kho Gostiny Dvor.
Petersburg tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus siab thiab saib xyuas lub tsev no. Thaum lub sij hawm lub blockade, nws tau tiv thaiv nrog rau lwm yam kev cai dab qhuas vaj tse ntawm lub Northern capital. Nyob rau hauv 1945-1948 Gostiny Dvor tau rov qab los thiab lees paub tias yog ib qho chaw ua vaj tse. Tom qab kev kho dua tshiab, tau ua hauv xyoo 1955-1967, 167 lub khw muag khoom sib cais uas muaj nyob rau ntawm nws cov squares tsis kawg tau muab tso rau hauvlub hauv paus khw muag khoom hauv nroog hu ua Gostiny Dvor. Nrog rau tag nrho cov kev kho, lub tsev no tau dai kom zoo nkauj - txawm lub hauv paus nkag tau zoo nkauj heev, los yog tshiab stained-iav qhov rais thiab qhov chaw ntxiv. Txij li thaum xyoo 1994, lub khw muag khoom tau dhau los ua cov tuam txhab sib koom ua ke, thiab lub tsev nws tus kheej tam sim no yog los ntawm Ministry of Culture ntawm Lavxias Federation.
Petersburgers nyiam thiab txaus siab rau lawv "Gostinka". Ntawm nws thaj chaw niaj hnub no tsis yog txhua yam ntawm cov khw muag khoom, uas tau tuaj xyuas txhua hnub los ntawm 300,000 tus neeg yuav khoom los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb, tab sis kuj tseem Haute Couture Houses, thiab cov chav zoo nkauj rau kev ua yeeb yam ntau yam. Kev nthuav qhia hauv Gostiny Dvor hnub no zoo li ib yam dab tsi tau tso cai - zoo, qhov twg ntxiv yog tias tsis muaj?
