Cov txheej txheem:
- Rotonda - yog dab tsi?
- Rotondas hauv tsev teev ntuj architecture
- Rotondas hauv secular architecture
- Rotonda hauv St. Petersburg
- Lwm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "rotunda"
2024 Tus sau: Harold Hamphrey | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:14
Hauv kev sau ntawv ntawm kev nyiam romantic, rotunda feem ntau yog qhov chaw sib ntsib rau tus hlub. Qhov no yog lub tsev twg? Thiab puas yog lub tsev tag nrho? Nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv ntawm qhov pib thiab nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, heroines hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv ib tug rotunda. Lo lus no zoo li muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub architecture ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, peb ua tau raws li lub sij hawm "rotunda". Nws yog dab tsi? Peb yuav sim nrhiav kom paub hauv kab lus no. Hauv qab no peb yuav xav txog tsis yog tsuas yog lub etymology ntawm lo lus, uas yog embodied nyob rau hauv lub tiaj ua si arbors thiab cov poj niam lub tsho tiv no, tab sis kuj muab nthuav lus tseeb txog lub rotunda nyob rau hauv St. Dab tsi yog dab neeg tom qab hom tsev no?
Rotonda - yog dab tsi?
Lub hauv paus ntawm lo lus no yog Latin. Rotundus hauv kev txhais lus tsuas txhais tau tias "round". Thiab ua ntej rotunda tau los ua ib lub sij hawm architectural rau Italian architects, nws twb muaj nyob rau hauv ancient vaj tse. Ancient Greek monopters thiab tholos yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub voj voog. Qee lub tuam tsev pagan hauv Roman faj tim teb chawskuj yog rotundas. Ib qho piv txwv yog Pantheon. Tom qab ntawd, cov vaj tse raws li lub voj voog pib siv rau hauv cov ntseeg dawb huv architecture. Cov no feem ntau yog kev cai raus dej, uas tau siv los ua cov tsev sib cais ntawm pawg ntseeg, thiab qee lub tsev teev ntuj. Nws hloov tawm tias rotunda yog lub tsev cylindrical topped nrog ib puag ncig dome. Tab sis nws tsis yog li ntawd. Peb tuaj yeem ntsib rotundas yam tsis muaj phab ntsa. Hloov chaw, lub voj voog yog tsim los ntawm txhua kab sib npaug ntawm ib leeg. Thiab muaj rotundas tsis muaj lub ru tsev txhua. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Greek vaj tse, tsuas yog ib tug portico ua lub ru tsev.
Rotondas hauv tsev teev ntuj architecture
Thaum tsim cov tuam tsev, lub Koom Txoos Christian tau coj cov mausoleums thaum ub los ua qauv, uas yog puag ncig hauv lawv qhov kev teeb tsa. Thawj lub tsev teev ntuj rau cov ntseeg yog qhov chaw nco txog thiab veneration ntawm cov dawb huv martyrs. Tej zaum yog vim li cas cov duab ntawm pantheons tau coj mus rau kev npaj ntawm pawg ntseeg. Italian architects nquag siv rotunda hauv lawv txoj haujlwm. Qhov no cuam tshuam cov vaj tsev dawb huv tsis yog nyob rau sab qab teb Europe, tab sis kuj nyob hauv Kievan Rus. Peb pom cov tuam tsev rotunda ntawm XI-XII centuries hauv Galich, Lvov, Vladimir-Volynsky, Przemysl. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Uzhgorod, Nizhankovichi, Chernikhovtsy, Stolpye hnub rov qab mus rau lub kaum peb caug xyoo. Lub tsev teev ntuj rotunda ntxov tshaj plaws nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Kievan Rus tau pom hauv Smolensk. Qhov no yog lub tuam tsev ntawm German Niam ntawm Vajtswv, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm txawv teb chaws tub luam. Tab sis qhov no architectural daim ntawv sai sai coj lub hauv paus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture. NtauNyob rau hauv lub pre-Petrine era, thaum nws yog fashionable caw Italian masters los tsim lub tsev teev ntuj, rotundas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Moscow monasteries. Ntau pua xyoo tom qab, lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob txhua qhov chaw.
Rotondas hauv secular architecture
Lub tsev nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm lub voj voog zoo meej nyob rau hauv Roman era feem ntau tau tsa ua mausoleums, pantheons. Yog li ntawd, lub secular architecture ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm classicism, xav ua qub txeeg qub tes qauv, pib siv rotundas. Cov no yog mausoleums glorifying poob heroes. Raws li txoj cai, cov phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev zoo li no tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog txhua kab, thiab lub dome rounded ua lub ru tsev. Nrog lub advent ntawm lub era ntawm romanticism, "pantheons" pib ua nyob rau hauv cov tiaj ua si. Cov qauv me me no tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim toj roob hauv pes. Lub rotunda nyob rau hauv lub tiaj ua si tsis yeej ib txwm tau txais lub pantheon. Tej zaum nws yuav tsis muaj phab ntsa. Ntau qhov chaw ua si dai rotundas nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm txhua kab sawv hauv lub voj voog, txuas nrog lub dome qis. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov txheej txheem reminiscent ntawm romantic chapels.
Rotonda hauv St. Petersburg
Lub tsev nyob ntawm kaum ntawm Fontanka embankment thiab txoj kev Gorokhovaya nkaum ib yam khoom tsis zoo. Saib ntawm lub tsev uas tsaus ntuj nti ntawm St. Petersburg, nws tsis yooj yim sua kom twv tias lub rotunda tau muab zais rau hauv nws. Yuav ua li cas lub ntsiab architectural puag ncig nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev rectangular? Tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug no kom raug. Lub tsev tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, tab sis tom qab rebuilt ob peb zaug. Tej zaum, rotunda tseem nyob ntawm tus qauv tsim. Tam sim no nws yog, zoo li nws tau muab zais rau hauv "cov ntaub ntawv" ntawm lub tsev tshiab: lub dome so ntawm lub qab nthab, lub qhov rais saibthaj chaw. Vim hais tias ntawm nws secrecy, lub rotunda nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg yog them nrog lub darkest legends. Nws ntseeg tias nws yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub qab ntuj khwb, ib yam ntawm cov axis ntawm kev ua, thiab ntawm no thaum ib tag hmo koj tuaj yeem ntsib Xatas. Nyob rau hauv lub 80-90s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, lub rotunda tau los ua ib qho chaw mus xyuas tsis tau tsuas yog rau ntau yam esotericists, tab sis kuj rau cov hluas tsis raws cai. V. Tsoi thiab Kinchev tau nyob ntawm no. Tsis ntev los no, qhov zoo nkauj rotunda tau defaced nrog vandal graffiti uas cov neeg nyob hauv lub tsev tau qhia tus nqi nkag - ntau npaum li 70 rubles. Rau cov nyiaj no, lawv tab tom kho qhov chaw ntawm St. Petersburg.
Lwm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "rotunda"
Nyob hauv architecture, lo lus txhais tau hais tias lub cylindrical qauv, tsis hais seb nws ua haujlwm li cas: lub tsev teev ntuj, pavilion lossis arbor. Rotunda kuj yog lub npe ntawm cov poj niam lub tsho sab nrauv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug dav cape. Nws yog nyob rau hauv zam nyob rau hauv lub XVIII-XIX centuries. Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, ib puag ncig seev cev hu ua rotunda. Kuj tseem muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm tib lub npe hauv typography. Nws txhais tau tias hom ntawv gothic.
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