Crimean ceg av qab teb muaj npe nrov tsis yog rau nws qhov kev nyab xeeb thiab xwm txheej. Nws muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom ntawm tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai tseem ceeb rau niaj hnub Russia thiab rau cov neeg uas yog ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Ntawm lawv yog lub fortress ntawm Kerch. Dab tsi yog qhov tseeb tshaj plaws uas qhia txog nws keeb kwm? Dab tsi yog qhov kev xav ntawm cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uas tuaj xyuas lub tsev no hauv Crimea?
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Kerch Fortress, kuj qee zaum hu ua Fort Totleben, nyob ntawm Cape Ak-Burun hauv thaj tsam ntawm Kerch Strait (hauv qhov nqaim tshaj ntawm cov khoom no). Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 los ntawm Lavxias teb sab fortifiers nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tiv thaiv lub teb chaws tus maritime ciam teb. Kev tsim kho ntawm cov qauv pib tam sim ntawd tom qab Tsov Rog Crimean, thiab ntau yam kev pib ntawm qhov project yog vim qhov ua tsis tiav ntawm kev sib tw rau Russia.
Txawm hais tias, raws li cov lus cog tseg ntawm Paris Treaty, Russia tsis tuaj yeem muaj lub nkoj thiab cov tub rog nyob hauv thaj av Hiav Txwv Dub, Alexander II txiav txim siab los tsim cov qauv uas yuav pab tiv thaiv.strait los ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub mus rau Hiav txwv ntawm Azov. Tau ntev, lub fortress tau siv los ua kom cov tub rog warehouses. Kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Loj tau coj ncaj qha rau ntawm nws thaj chaw. Niaj hnub no lub tsev yog ib yam khoom ntawm keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Russia.
Kerch fortress tshwm sim li cas? Kev txiav txim siab luv luv ntawm qhov teeb meem
Kerch fortress tshwm sim li cas? Nyob rau hauv 1853 Russia nkag mus rau hauv lub Crimean tsov rog. Vim tias tsis muaj nyiaj txaus, cov tub ceev xwm hauv lub tebchaws tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov tsim nyog ntxiv dag zog rau txoj hauv kev mus rau Kerch Peninsula. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj rau qhov ua tsis tiav (raws li kev ntsuam xyuas ib txwm ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm) ntawm kev ua tub rog tsis sib haum xeeb rau Russia. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau ua kom muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv Kerch Strait ntau dua kev ntseeg siab, cov tub ceev xwm txiav txim siab los tsim lub fortress muaj zog. Cape Ak-Burun tau raug xaiv los ua qhov chaw zoo rau nws qhov chaw.
Nyob rau xyoo 1856, thawj daim duab ntawm lub fortress Kerch yav tom ntej tau tshwm sim. Nws tau qhia los ntawm General Kaufman. Kev tsim kho yog coj los ntawm Colonel Nat. Xyoo 1859, tus thawj coj paub zoo ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Kev Ua Tsov Rog, Totleben, lub npe nrov fortifier, tau koom nrog txoj haujlwm. Nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias qhov kev tshwm sim tshiab ntawm Lavxias teb sab fortress ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub tsis cuam tshuam txog Kev Cog Lus ntawm Paris, raws li Russia cov kev ua hauv cheeb tsam sib xws tau txwv hnyav heev.
Project Features
Dab tsi yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm qhov project rau kev tsim kho ntawm Kerch fortress? Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias nws cov neeg tsim khoom suav tias yog qhov tsim nyog rau qhov chawfortifications kom cov yeeb ncuab naval nkoj ntawm qhov nkag mus rau Hiav txwv ntawm \u200b\u200bAzov tuaj yeem raug rho tawm los ntawm cov phom loj ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Nws tau npaj kom ntxiv dag zog rau Kerch fortress los ntawm txoj kev ntawm lub ntsiab fort "Totleben", nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm nws - mus rau lub Minsk lunette, mus rau sab qaum teb - Vilensky. Nws yuav tsum tso ntau tshaj 500 phom rau ntawm qhov chaw tua hluav taws ntawm lub fortress. Nws tau npaj kom tso ntau tshaj 5 txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv lub garrison, ntawm uas ntau tshaj 1800 artillerymen. Nws tau xav tias lub fortress hauv Kerch yuav tsum tau npaj rau kev tiv thaiv mus ntev.
Kev nqis tes ua haujlwm
Txoj haujlwm, raws li Kerch fortress yuav tsum tau tsim, tau pom zoo xyoo 1868. Tab sis kev tsim kho ntawm thawj ob lub barracks tau pib thaum lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1857. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub fortress muab tso rau saum av tau raug txo kom tsawg. Cov barracks tau txuas nrog rau kev sib ntaus sib tua los ntawm cov kab hauv av. Lawv tag nrho ntev yog ob peb kilometers.
Russian Emperor Alexander II thawj zaug tuaj xyuas lub tsev hauv xyoo 1861. Tom qab kuaj xyuas lub fortress ntawm Kerch, lawv tau txais ib tug kev txiav txim, raws li nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm cov tub rog uas tau nqis peev pab rau lawv cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho cov qauv, cov lunettes tau txais tib lub npe - lub Minsk thiab Vilna regiments. Nyob rau hauv lem, lub fort loj tau muab lub npe tom qab Totleben.
Ntau tus neeg ncig tebchaws niaj hnub no nug cov lus nug no thaum npaj mus xyuas lub fortress hauv Kerch: "Lub npe tseeb ntawm cov qauv sib raug yog dab tsi?". Qhov tseeb, qhov tseeb tias nws lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog lub npe tom qab lub npe nrov fortifier predetermineslub npe nrov ntawm cov khoom, uas suab zoo li "Fort Totleben". Cov qauv hauv nqe lus nug feem ntau hu ua: lub fortress underground hauv Kerch. Qhov tseeb yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov chaw, raws li peb tau sau tseg saum toj no, nyob hauv av.
Ntawm lwm qhov tseem ceeb keeb kwm qhov tseeb uas qhia txog huab tais mus ntsib lub fortress yog cov hauv qab no: Colonel Nat tau nce mus rau tus thawj coj loj. Nws tseem tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias xyoo 1863, Alexander II, coj mus rau hauv tus account txoj haujlwm ntawm Totleben, txiav txim siab tso tseg kev tsim kho ntawm cov forts ntxiv, thiab hloov kho cov qauv uas twb muaj lawm. Tom qab ntawd, Major General Nat tau los ua tus thawj coj thiab tib lub sijhawm tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog tam sim no nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub nroog Kerch. Lub fortress ntawm Totleben tau npaj txhij los ntawm 1877.
Thaj chaw ntawm lub fortress yog hais txog 250 hectares. Nyob rau hauv 1877, thaum kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev yuav luag tiav, Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog pib. Lub fortress ntawm Kerch muaj peev xwm npaj tau siv thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, qhov no tsis tshwm sim. Nrog rau kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tawm tsam hauv Kerch Strait, lub minefield tau tsim. Cov tub rog ntawm garrison tau tos rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm armadillos ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Tab sis lawv tsis tas yuav muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua.
History of the fortress in the 20th century
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, lub zog ntawm garrison ntawm lub fortress tau nce ntau - txog li 9 txhiab tus neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1905 nws tau hloov nws txoj cai, dhau los ua lub tsev khaws khoom pov tseg. Tom qab cov xwm txheej muaj npe nrov ntawm xyoo 1905, Fort Totleben tau los uaqhov chaw ntawm kev kaw cov neeg raug txim nom tswv. Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, nrog rau lub sijhawm muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv tom qab lub kiv puag ncig xyoo 1917, lub fortress tsis tau siv los ua tub rog. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo 1920, cov warehouses nyob rau ntawm nws tau raug nyiag lawm. Feem ntau ntawm cov tsev hauv av tau raug puas tsuaj. Thaum xyoo 1930, lub fortress tau rov siv los ntawm cov tub rog - Cov Tub Rog Liab thiab Tub Rog tau siv nws los npaj cov tsev khaws khoom.
Fortress thaum lub sij hawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog
Keeb kwm ntawm Kerch fortress yog sib txuas nrog cov xwm txheej ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1941, nws raug ntes los ntawm cov tub rog German. Thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua, lub fortress tau raug active bombardment thiab artillery hluav taws. Cov tub rog Wehrmacht tuaj yeem tawg los ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm 51st thiab Primorsky cov tub rog, tom qab ntawd lawv nkag mus rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam tiaj tus ntawm Crimean ceg av qab teb. Cov tub rog Soviet pib thim rov qab.
Qhov tsis muaj qhov ua tau zoo tau txiav txim siab qhov kev ntes ntawm Kerch fortress los ntawm Germans. Tab sis ib hlis tom qab, kev ua haujlwm Kerch-Feodosia tau pib, thaum lub sijhawm cov Germans raug ntiab tawm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kerch Peninsula. Loj-caliber naval shells, uas tau muab tso rau hauv lub warehouses ntawm lub fortress thiab ib ntus ntawm lub pov tseg ntawm invader, rov qab mus rau lub muaj ntawm cov tub rog Soviet. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum lub sijhawm cov tub rog fascist tau ntes lub tsev, cov tub rog Liab tau tswj kom khiav tawm ntau cov khoom siv nyob hauv lub fortress mus rau Taman.
Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 1942, German aviation tau ua kev foob pob loj heevKerch. Qhov no yuam lub Soviet command kom hloov units mus rau lub fortress. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm Crimean pem hauv ntej tsis yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws rau Red Army - nyob rau hauv lub Tsib Hlis cov Germans twb los ze rau lub nroog. Cov lus txib pem hauv ntej raug yuam kom pib khiav tawm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab tshem tawm cov tub rog depots. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1944, cov tub rog Soviet tau tso lub fortress ntawm Kerch. Tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog, nws rov pib siv los ua ib yam khoom rau khaws cov khoom siv tub rog. Nws kuj nyob hauv ib pab tub rog qhuab ntuas.
Fortress hnub no
Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm USSR, cov tub rog nyob rau hauv lub fortress ntawm Kerch raug disbanded. Qhov no tau nrog los ntawm ntau yam kev puas tsuaj tawm tsam cov tub rog khaws cia ntawm qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 2000s, txawm li cas los xij, lub fortress tau pauv mus rau thaj tsam ntawm Kerch Keeb Kwm thiab Kab lis kev cai Reserve. Qhov no tau tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb pib ua haujlwm ntsig txog kev tshawb fawb ntxaws ntawm cov qauv, txhawm rau ntxuav nws thaj chaw los ntawm cov mos txwv uas tau tuaj ntawm no thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, thiab kos cov kev mus ncig ua si. Cov neeg nyob hauv Kerch thiab cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws tuaj yeem tuaj xyuas qhov chaw legendary no thiab paub txog nws keeb kwm tshwj xeeb.
Cov neeg taug kev tuaj yeem txiav txim siab mus saib tus qauv pom dab tsi? Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lawv yeej yuav xav tsis thoob los ntawm lub tswv yim engineering heev ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Kerch fortress tau tsim. Daim duab ntawm tus qauv hauv qab no.
Lwm yam khoom nyob ib puag ncig lub fortress kuj zoo kawg li, xws li ib tug moat, uas yog hais txog 3 km ntev, txog 15 m dav, thiab txog 5 m tob.caponiers. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub tsev muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm underground passages, warehouses. Qhov ntev ntawm ib qhov av hauv av yog li 600 m.
Lwm yam khoom tseem ceeb dab tsi yog Kerch fortress suav nrog? Daim duab ntawm lub qhov, uas yog ib feem ntawm txoj kev tsim kho, tau nthuav tawm hauv qab no - koj tuaj yeem saib cov khoom loj sib xws thiab qhuas nws ntev ntev.
Nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias ntau cov qauv hauv av ntawm Kerch fortress tseem tsis tau tshawb pom tag nrho.
Hnub no Kerch Fortress, Fort Totleben thiab lwm yam khoom uas yog ib feem ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub tsev muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Muaj coob tus neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi hauv Crimea nyiam tuaj xyuas ntawm no, mus ncig xyuas qhov chaw ntawm kev ua tub rog ntawm Russia. Cov neeg taug kev hais tias leej twg tuaj xyuas lub fortress ntawm Kerch, Fort Totleben?
Travel Reviews
Cov neeg ncig tebchaws uas tau tswj xyuas cov chaw no zoo siab. Lawv txaus siab rau txhua yam: keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm Kerch fortress, nplai ntawm cov qauv, kos duab ntawm engineers, siv nyob rau hauv txhua ntu ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov qauv. Ntau tus neeg taug kev lees paub tias kev mus xyuas lub fortress tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej zoo tshaj plaws thaum mus ncig rau Crimea. Nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias kev taug kev ncig ncig lub fortress tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tsis yog los ntawm cov neeg taug kev, tab sis kuj yog cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev lag luam tourism. Cov txheej txheem rau kev ntsuam xyuas tsim nyog yog ob qho tib si kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv qhov chaw no, thiab cov kev pab cuam ntawm ntau lub koom txoos mus ncig, koom nrog kev mus ntsib ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Cov chaw keeb kwm ntawm Russia.
Yuav mus txog qhov chaw li cas?
Dab tsi yuav txaus siab rau thawj qhov chaw rau ntau tus neeg taug kev npaj mus xyuas Kerch fortress yog qhov kev tswj hwm ntawm cov qauv no. Koj tuaj yeem mus rau nws los ntawm lub npav npav 6, uas mus los ntawm chaw nres tsheb npav. Muaj tseeb, koj yuav tsum taug kev me ntsis - txog ib nrab teev. Koj tuaj yeem nqa ib lub tsheb npav uas khiav ntawm lub zos Geroevskoye mus rau Kerch. Txhua yam yuav ua. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tau tawm raws sijhawm ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb "Highway Heroes of Stalingrad" lossis "Solnechny". Tom qab ntawd, koj yuav tsum taug kev taug kev mus rau Pavlovsk Bay.
Yog tias ib tus neeg taug kev los ntawm tsheb, koj tuaj yeem txav mus raws Geroev Eltigen txoj kev loj mus rau txoj kev Krasnaya Gorka. Tom qab - tig mus rau nws thiab mus rau Tiritakskaya Square. Tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum tau mus txuas ntxiv mus rau txoj kev Ordzhonikidze mus rau qhov chaw ua si "Korabel". Tom qab - tig mus rau txoj kev Ulyanov. Koj yuav tsum dhau lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Dawb Huv Assumption, ces tig mus rau Zyabreva Street. Tom qab - mus rau txoj kev Kolkhoznaya, uas yuav ua rau lub fortress ntawm Kerch.
Qee qhov nyuaj rau kev suav ua ntej ntawm txoj hauv kev rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi npaj mus xyuas lub fortress ntawm Kerch: qhov chaw nyob ntawm tus qauv tsis raug kho. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau coj los ntawm yog Cape Ak-Burun. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov qauv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv keeb kwm thiab archaeological tsev cia puav pheej, uas nyob hauv Kerch ntawm qhov chaw nyob. Sverdlova, 7. Hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv no koj tuaj yeem sau npe rau kev mus ncig ua si rau lub fortress.
Lwm qhov kev xaiv yog mus rau tus qauv ntawm tsheb tavxij, uas yog kim dua, tab sis, raws li txoj cai, qhov no koj tuaj yeem ua tau.tsav mus ze rau lub fortress. Nws tshwm sim tias tus neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws tsis nyob hauv Kerch, tab sis nyob rau lwm lub nroog, xav mus xyuas Kerch fortress. Yuav ua li cas mus cuag nws nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no? Ua ntej tshaj plaws, koj yuav tsum tau txais, qhov tseeb, mus rau lub nroog Kerch. Qhov kev xaiv yooj yim tshaj plaws rau qhov no yog lub npav los ntawm Simferopol.
Npaj txog Yenikale fortress
Nrog rau lub fortress ntawm Kerch nyob rau hauv lub Crimea, muaj ntau ntau lwm yam zoo kawg li keeb kwm qhov chaw. Ib txhia ntawm lawv nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Ntawm lawv yog Yenikale fortress hauv Kerch. Nws tau tsim los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Ottoman Empire, uas yog tus tswv ntawm Crimea ua ntej nws hloov mus rau Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Kwv yees li Yenikale fortress nyob rau hauv Kerch tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub lig 17th - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 18th. Lub npe ntawm lub tsev yog txhais los ntawm Turkish li "tshiab fortress". Lub fortress nyob ncaj qha nyob rau hauv ciam teb ntawm Kerch.
Yenikale pib koom nrog Russia, zoo li lub nroog Kerch, txij li xyoo 1774. Nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, tus qauv tau xyaum poob nws qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tub rog. Xyoo 1835, lub tsev kho mob tub rog nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub fortress, uas ua haujlwm txog xyoo 1880. Tom qab ntawd, lub tsev tsis tau siv sijhawm ntev. Thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, Soviet naval paratroopers tawm tsam nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Turkish fortress. Xyoo 1944, lawv tau tswj hwm txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub nroog los ntawm German invaders.
Dab tsi nthuav qhov tseeb tuaj yeem sau tseg txog Yenikale fortress? Piv txwv li, nws yog paub tias nyob rau hauv nws kev tsim kho lawv cojkev koom tes ntawm engineers los ntawm Ltalis thiab Fabkis. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas, raws li qee cov kws tshawb fawb, qhov chaw ntawm lub fortress raug xaiv - ntxeev ntawm Chushka Spit. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov nkoj hla dhau los tau tsis muaj lub sijhawm los ua haujlwm, thiab cov phom loj nyob rau ntawm ntug dej tuaj yeem tua tau yooj yim rau lawv. Raws li lub nraub qaum, cov tub rog Turkish tuaj yeem siv Taman fortress.
Yenikale Fortress muaj ib qho duab ze rau ntawm plaub fab. Thaum pib, cov phab ntsa nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tshwm sim hauv cov qauv ntawm nws cov kev tsim kho. Lub fortress twb fortified nrog ib tug moat. Kev sib txuas lus nrog lub ntsiab ntawm cov ceg av qab teb tau muab los ntawm peb txoj kev. Thawj yog los ntawm Kerch, qhov thib ob yog los ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj, qhov thib peb yog los ntawm Dzhankoy.
Tam sim no muaj ib txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hla ntawm thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom - los ntawm Kerch mus rau lub ferry hla. Nws txoj haujlwm, raws li kev suav cov engineers, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau lub fortress, uas twb raug kev puas tsuaj loj heev hauv kev ua tsov rog. Yog li ntawd, nws cia siab tias tom qab kev tsim kho tus choj txuas ntawm Krasnodar Territory thiab Crimea, txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau sib txuas yuav raug kaw, thiab tsheb ciav hlau yuav raug xa mus rau txoj kev loj dua.
Yog tias peb xav mus xyuas Yenikale fortress hauv Kerch, yuav mus li cas? Lub tsev no nyob ntawm qhov deb li ntawm 11 km ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb npav hauv nroog Kerch. Koj tuaj yeem tau mus rau nws, raws li kev xaiv, los ntawm tsheb thauj mus los, uas mus los ntawm chaw nres tsheb npav mus rau hiav txwv ferry. Lub tsev no thiab Kerch fortress nyob rau ntawmqhov deb loj - txog 15 km ntawm txoj kev, txog 10 km - los ntawm hiav txwv. Yenikale nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Kerch, lub fortress peb kawm saum toj no yog nyob rau sab qab teb. Ob lub tsev nyob rau ntawm ntug hiav txwv dej.
Rau ntau tus neeg ncig tebchaws, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov khoom tsis yog qhov taw qhia, thiab lawv zoo siab los muab kev mus ntsib ob qho tib si rau hauv ib qho kev pab cuam. Lub Yenikale thiab Kerch fortresses, pw ntawm ntug hiav txwv dej, koom ua ke los ntawm qhov tseeb tias ob leeg yog cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia. Ntau tus neeg taug kev uas tawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm thematic online portals paub tseeb tias tus neeg uas txiav txim siab tshawb nrhiav qhov pom ntawm Kerch Peninsula yuav tsum tau mus xyuas ob lub fortresses.
