Eastern Anatolia: qhov chaw, piav qhia, keeb kwm thiab nthuav tseeb, duab

2024 Tus sau: Harold Hamphrey | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:14

A. S. Pushkin piav txog nws txoj kev tsis nyab xeeb thiab ntev mus los ntawm cov chaw no hauv nws daim ntawv mus ncig, uas nws hu ua "Journey to Arzrum thaum lub sijhawm phiaj xwm xyoo 1829". Pushkin's Arzrum yog niaj hnub no hu ua Erzurum (los yog Erzerum). Nws nyob hauv Turkey.

Ntau tus neeg so haujlwm uas tau xaiv Qaib Cov Txwv rau lawv cov hnub so maj nrawm mus rau tshav ntuj sov ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Aegean thiab Mediterranean, qhov chaw uas muaj npe nrov nyob hauv: Kemer, Antalya, Bodrum thiab Marmaris. Tag nrho cov npe no nrov heev ntawm cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi, uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog thaj tsam Anatolia. Sab hnub tuaj ntawm nws yog thaj av tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Turkey.

cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

Txhais los ntawm Greek Anatolia txhais tau tias "av av nyob rau sab hnub tuaj". Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, qhov no yog lub npe ntawm Asia Minor (nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm - Neeg Esxias Qaib Cov Txwv).

Eastern Anatolia yog ib qho ntawm xya thaj chaw hauv tebchaws Turkey. Nws suav nrog 14 lub xeev. Lub roob siab notxuas mus rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Turkey. Nws yog qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam (1/5 ntawm lub xeev) thiab qhov tsawg tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntom thiab cov pejxeem ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv. Nws thaj chaw kwv yees sib xws rau yav dhau los keeb kwm-geographical Western Armenia.

cheeb tsam suav nrog cov xeev hauv qab no: Tunceli, Agri, Bingol, Ardahan, Bitlis, Erzincan, Elazig, Hakkari, Hakkari, Kars, Igdir, Malatya, Van, Tunceli, Mush thiab Erzurum. Cov neeg hauv paus txawm Armenian nyob ntawm no raug puas tsuaj thaum lub sij hawm genocide ntawm 1915-1923. Niaj hnub no, tsawg kawg ib nrab ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv cheeb tsam no yog Kurds.

Tus Tigris (los yog Dicle) thiab Euphrates (Firat) dej ntws nrog cov dej ntws muab cov pej xeem nrog dej. Lub cheeb tsam yog ciam teb los ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub thiab Mediterranean cheeb tsam, nrog rau thaj tsam ntawm Central thiab South-Eastern Anatolia. Nws thaj chaw muaj ciam teb nrog Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan (Nakhichevan), Iraq, Iran.

yam ntxwv ntawm cheeb tsam

Qhov chaw siab tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Turkey muaj 21% ntawm tag nrho nws thaj chaw, uas yog kwv yees li 16,300 square meters. km. Nws qhov siab nruab nrab yog 2000 meters. Piv rau Anatolian Plateau, kev nyab xeeb hauv thaj av siab ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv yog hnyav dua nrog dej nag ntau.

Teb chaws, cheeb tsam yog roob thiab rugged. Nyob rau sab qaum teb, Kopdag, Chimendag thiab Arsian ridges ncav cuag qhov siab tshaj 3000 meters hauv qhov siab.

Runtains ntawm Eastern Anatolia: Ararat (qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm Big Agra - 5137 meters), Reshko (lub ncov ntawm Mount Jilo -4135 m), thiab Syuphan (qhov siab 4058 m). Ntau lub ncov yog cov volcanoes uas ploj lawm, tab sis muaj zog heev nyob rau yav dhau los tsis ntev los no. Qhov tseeb tom kawg yog pov thawj los ntawm cov ntws ntws ntawm cov lava khov kho.

Cov pejxeem hauv cheeb tsam yog kwv yees li 5.7 lab tus tib neeg, ntawm 3.2 lab nyob hauv nroog thiab 2.5 hauv zos.

Ntse

Qee lub sijhawm thaj av no hu ua Turkish Siberia. Cov cheeb tsam yav qab teb, nqis mus rau Mesopotamian tiaj hauv Iraq, yog qhov dav dav ntawm cov nyom thiab cov suab puam qus. Lub caij ntuj no nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Anatolia yog qhov hnyav heev. Lub sijhawm no, cov daus poob ntau, thaiv txoj kev mus rau qee qhov chaw nyob deb nroog me me tau ntau lub hlis.

Vim qhov kev nyab xeeb hnyav hnyav thiab muaj roob siab, cov pej xeem hauv cheeb tsam tsawg. Nrog rau tag nrho cov no, txawm hais tias fertile av yog tsawg heev, tsiaj husbandry yog lub ntsiab profitable lag luam nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Kev ua liaj ua teb muaj tsawg heev ntawm no. Lawv loj hlob luam yeeb, paj rwb, nplej thiab barley.

Flora thiab fauna

Cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm Eastern Anatolia - cov khoom keeb kwm thiab xwm tau khaws cia los ntawm lub sijhawm qub. Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam, ib lub teb chaws loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, lub Munzur Valley (420 sq. Km) muaj xws li ib tug roob roob thiab tus dej. Munzur. Ntau tshaj 40 hom nroj tsuag endemic loj hlob nyob rau hauv nws. Ntawm lawv yog munzur thyme, munzur buttercup, tansy munzur thiab ntau lwm tus. Lwm yam

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cheeb tsam, tsuas yog 1/10 ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv cov hav zoov (tsuas yog ntoo qhib thiab ntoo thuv) nyob, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiabkev nplua nuj ntawm flora thiab fauna tsis muaj qhov sib npaug.

Brown bears, Eurasian lynxes, chamois nyob rau toj siab. Muaj ib tug tshis bezoar, ib tug fluffy dormouse (ib tug nas tsawg tsawg) ntawm no. Cov noog uas tsawg tshaj plaws nyob: Caspian snowcock, dawb-headed vulture, imperial dav dawb hau, ntev-legged buzzard, liab-tis phab ntsa-climber, snow finch, dub stork thiab alpine hawk.

pas dej, roob hluav taws thiab dej ntws

Eastern Anatolia tsis tau txais cov peev txheej dej ib yam. Ib puag ncig ntawm Lake Van yog lub roob hluav taws kub, cov uas yog stratovolcano Nemrut (2948 m), uas tam sim no ua haujlwm. Kwv yees li 250 txhiab xyoo dhau los, nws cov haujlwm tau pab txhawb rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Lake Van, uas tau los ua lub pas dej loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nemrut kawg tawg nyob rau hauv 1692. Nws sab saum toj yog lub caldera loj nrog lub pas dej, uas yog lub pas dej loj thib ob ntawm nws hom hauv ntiaj teb.

Nyob ib puag ncig muaj ib lub roob hluav taws uas ploj lawm (Syuphan ntawm qhov siab ntawm 4058 meters) thiab ob lub pw tsaug zog. Tendyurek yog lub roob hluav taws (3533 meters), feem ntau yuav, nws tsis tsaug zog. Nyob rau ntawm nws sab saum toj, sulfurous gases thiab chav yog tas li pom. Thiab lub stratovolcano Ararat (qhov siab 5137 m) muaj 2 merged cones ntawm Greater thiab Lesser Ararat (lub Turks hu Agri). Qhov no yog qhov chaw siab tshaj plaws tsis yog hauv thaj av xwb, tab sis kuj nyob hauv Turkey.

Rivers yog cov bass ntawm Persian Gulf thiab Hiav Txwv Caspian. Euphrates (los yog Fyrat) yog cov hlab ntsha loj tshaj plaws nyob rau sab hnub poob Asia. Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm Murat thiab Karasu ze lub nroog Keban, nyob rau ntawm Armenian Highlands. Lub Tigris (los yog Dijle) River siv nws cov dej los ntawm Khazar Lake, nyob rau hauvroob ntawm Eastern Taurus. Nws ntev nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv yog ntau tshaj 400 km.

Muaj ob tug dej loj ntxiv los hauv Eastern Anatolia. Cov no yog Kura thiab Araks, lawv qhov chaw yog qhov chaw ntawm lub roob Kizyl-Gyaduk.

Climate

Sab hnub tuaj ntawm thaj av muaj huab cua huab cua loj heev. Qhov tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb yog ntu ntawm Lake Van. Nws yog vim nws cuam tshuam qhov kev nyab xeeb ntawm thaj chaw ib puag ncig yog temperate.

Thiab feem ntau, rau thaj tsam uas muaj kev hloov pauv loj, nrog rau kev hloov pauv roob thiab hav hla thaj chaw loj, qhov sib txawv ntawm huab cua yog cov yam ntxwv. Piv txwv li, txawm hais tias Erzurum (ib lub xeev nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv) muaj lub caij ntuj no txias, lub caij ntuj sov lub sij hawm yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug ceeb tsis txaus ntseeg lush nroj tsuag.

Nkauj, xeev, chaw txaus siab

Erzurum nyob ntawm txoj kev hla ntawm txoj kev tseem ceeb thiab kev lag luam. Nws yog lub chaw kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm ntawm Eastern Anatolia (Turkey). Ataturk University yog lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab zoo tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Turkey. Erzurum yog nto moo rau nws centuries-laus fortifications, mosques, yees, thiab lwm yam. Nws yog rightfully ib tug khoom muaj nqis trove ntawm keeb kwm. Lub cim ntawm Erzurum yog madrasah nrog ob lub minarets (tseem nyob rau lub sijhawm Seljuk), dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub qhov rooj pob zeb thiab lub kaus mom.

South ntawm Erzurum, tsib mais deb, yog Palandoken (lub chaw caij ski nto moo) nrog qhov chaw siab tshaj thiab ntev tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

Lub xeev Agra, uas txuas ntxiv ntawm txoj kev hla mus rau Iran, nyob ntawm1640 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem. Raws li qee qhov kev cai dab qhuas, Nau-a lub nkoj nyob ntawm Ararat, ua tsaug uas tus txiv neej ncaj ncees muaj peev xwm cawm tau tib neeg los ntawm dej nyab.

Tunceli paub txog nws cov toj roob hauv pes ntuj, tsis tau kov los ntawm tib neeg. Ib hom tsis tshua muaj birch loj hlob hauv Munzir Valley Park, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub nroog. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub xeev Tunceli muaj ntau lub fortresses los ntawm cov Hittites, mosques los ntawm lub Ottoman, Seljuk thiab Assyrian era, raws li zoo raws li ntau yam monuments.

Lub nroog Van, ncab ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub tuaj ntawm Lake Van, yog lub peev ntawm lub nceeg vaj ntawm Urartu nyob rau xyoo 1000 BC. Lub fortress, ua nyob rau hauv cov hnub los ntawm King Sardur thawj, nyob rau ntawm qhov siab ntawm 80 meters thiab stretches 1800 meters nyob rau hauv ntev thiab 120 meters nyob rau hauv dav. Lub nroog ntawm Van yog nto moo rau nws cov snow-dawb miv nrog txawv ob lub qhov muag.

Pabneeg

Thaum pib xyoo 2014, cov pejxeem hauv cheeb tsam muaj txog 5 lab tus tib neeg. Kwv yees li ntawm 50% ntawm cov pejxeem yog neeg Kurdish, nrog rau feem coob ntawm cov xeev ntawm Central Eastern Anatolia sub-region. Hauv lawv, lawv sawv cev 79.1% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem, uas yog sib npaug rau 1.7 lab tus tib neeg. Rau kev sib piv, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm North-Eastern Anatolia, lawv cov naj npawb tsuas yog 32%.

Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Anatolia, ib yam li hauv Central Anatolia, muaj cov khoom nthuav heev rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi, ob qho tib si ntuj thiab keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv cov chaw no muaj ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev vam meej uas ploj mus ntev dhau los.

Qee qhov tseeb

BCov cheeb tsam sib txawv ntawm Anatolia, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv hauv cov khoom noj.

Piv txwv li, hauv Western Anatolia, cov tais diav uas muaj ntau hom zaub ntsuab tau nrov dua. Hauv thaj tsam Aegean thiab Istanbul, cov khoom qab zib muaj ntau hauv cov khoom noj. Tsis tas li ntawd hauv thaj tsam ntawm Aegean, Marmara thiab Black Seas, cov txiv ntoo tau siv rau hauv qee cov tais diav qab zib thiab cov khoom noj txom ncauj ntsim. Thiab feem ntau cov tais diav ntawm Central thiab Eastern Anatolia yog ua los ntawm mov paj, cereals, mov. Cov roj txiv roj tsis nyiam nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Anatolia.